• Project Externalities (Spill-Over Effects):
• In social cost-benefit analysis of agricultural development projects, unintended indirect benefits or costs that spill over to third-party individuals or neighboring regions without market compensation are called Project Externalities (Spill-overs).
• Technological spill-over (e.g., neighboring non-project farmers copying new high-yielding seed or micro-irrigation practices perfected in a watershed project) represents a positive technological externality.

Correct option: (4) Project externalities

• Spearman's Rank Correlation Test for Heteroscedasticity:
• In econometrics, Spearman's Rank Correlation Test is a non-parametric diagnostic test for Heteroscedasticity.
• Residuals ($e_i$) from an OLS regression are obtained, and their absolute values $|e_i|$ are ranked alongside the ranked values of an explanatory variable ($X_i$).
• statistically significant, high rank correlation coefficient indicates that the variance of the error term systematically varies with the magnitude of $X_i$, confirming the presence of heteroscedasticity.

Correct option: (2) Heteroscedasticity

• Marketed Surplus and Staple Food Price Response:
• For a subsistence food staple like Rice, smallholder farm families produce primarily for home consumption and have relatively fixed cash expenditure requirements (e.g., debt servicing, school fees, salt/kerosene).
• When the market price of rice rises, smallholders can satisfy their fixed cash commitments by selling a smaller physical quantity of grain, retaining more for superior domestic family nutrition. This generates a negative relationship (backward-bending supply) between commodity price and marketed surplus.
• Distractors: Pure commercial cash crops (Cotton, Sugarcane, Jute) are not consumed by the farm family; hence, their marketed surplus always responds positively to price rises.

Correct option: (1) Rice