• Chi-Square ($\chi^2$) Test of Independence:
• The Pearson Chi-Square test evaluates whether a statistically significant relationship exists between two categorical/nominal variables in a contingency table.
• Key Properties:
• It only assesses statistical association or dependency, never proving cause-and-effect or direction of causation.
• It is inappropriate for repeated-measures/paired data (pre-test vs. post-test observations violate the assumption of independent observations; McNemar's test is required instead).
• Conclusion: Assesses association between categorical variables, corresponding to Option 4 in the answer key.

Correct option: (4) Both (1) and (3)