• Perl Array Functions:
• splice(): General-purpose function that modifies array elements by removing, replacing, or inserting items at any index. splice(@array, offset, length, list) is versatile for all array manipulations. (True)
• push(): Appends elements to the end of an array (not the beginning). To add items to the beginning, unshift() is used. (False)
• unshift(): Prepends elements to the beginning of an array (not the end). To append items to the end, push() is used. (False)
• Conclusion: Only (A) is true (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Only (A) is true

• Supervised vs. Unsupervised Machine Learning:
• Supervised Learning: Models are trained on labeled datasets where inputs map to known target outputs:
• Support Vector Machine (SVM): Supervised classification/regression.
• Decision Tree: Supervised classification/regression.
• Linear Regression: Supervised continuous target regression.
• Unsupervised Learning: Models identify hidden patterns, clusters, or intrinsic groupings within unlabeled data without predefined ground truth.
• K-means clustering: Classic unsupervised partitioning algorithm that clusters data points into $K$ centroids based on distance metrics.
• Conclusion: K-means clustering is NOT a supervised learning method (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) K-means clustering

• Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence Environments:
• According to Russell & Norvig's foundational AI framework, an agent faces an uncertain environment if the environment is:

• If the agent lacks complete state knowledge through its percepts, or if actions do not uniquely and deterministically determine the subsequent state, uncertainty inevitably arises.
• Conclusion: Not fully observable or not deterministic (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) Not fully observable or not deterministic