• Definition of Isoschizomers: Restriction endonucleases that recognize the identical target nucleotide sequence.
• Hpall and Mspl: Both enzymes recognize the tetranucleotide palindromic sequence $5'\text{-CCGG-3'}$. They differ in methylation sensitivity: HpaII is inhibited if the internal cytosine is methylated ($5'\text{-C}^m\text{CGG-3'}$), whereas MspI cleaves whether the internal cytosine is methylated or unmethylated, making them indispensable tools for studying DNA methylation.
• Neoschizomers: Enzymes that recognize the same sequence but cleave at different positions.

Correct option: (2) Hpall and Mspl

• Golden Rice Engineering (Ingo Potrykus & Peter Beyer): Genetically engineered to synthesize provitamin A ($\beta$-carotene) in the rice endosperm by introducing two key biosynthetic genes:

• psy (Phytoene Synthase) from daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) or maize (Zea mays), converting geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to phytoene.
• crtI (Phytoene Desaturase / Carotene Desaturase) from the bacterium Pantoea ananatis (Erwinia uredovora), performing multiple desaturation steps to yield lycopene.
  • Conclusion: The engineered genes are Phytoene synthase and Phytoene Desaturase.

• Ribozyme / RNase P $

ightarrow$ (IV) Cleavage of RNA genome: Catalytic RNA molecules that specifically bind target viral RNA through complementary base pairing and cleave phosphodiester bonds.

• Coat Protein $

ightarrow$ (III) Interferes with uncoating: Transgenic expression of viral coat protein (CP-mediated resistance) prevents the disassembly and uncoating of invading virions upon initial cell entry.

• cDNA of RNA satellite $

ightarrow$ (I) Interferes with replication: Satellite RNAs attenuate symptom severity by competing with helper virus genomic RNA for viral replicase machinery.

• Antisense RNA $

ightarrow$ (II) Binds to RNA preventing function: Hybridizes with complementary sense viral mRNA or genomic RNA, blocking translation and triggering enzymatic degradation.

Correct option: (4) (A) - (IV), (B) - (MN), (C)~ (), (B) - (HN)

• GABA-Enriched Genome-Edited Tomato: Developed using CRISPR-Cas9 technology by Sanatech Seed and the University of Tsukuba (Sicilian Rouge High GABA).
• Target Compound: Enriched in $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system.
• Mechanism: Targeted deletion of the autoinhibitory domain of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme causes sustained enzymatic hyperactivation, dramatically elevating GABA levels in mature fruit to promote cardiovascular relaxation.

Correct option: (2) Gamma amino butyric acid

• Multi-Parent Population Designs in Plants:
• NAM (Nested Association Mapping): Integrates the structural advantages of biparental linkage mapping and association mapping by crossing a single reference parent to multiple diverse founder lines.
• MAGIC (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross): Inter-crosses multiple diverse founder inbreds (typically 4, 8, or 16) through several generations of systematic recombining, producing high-resolution mapping populations.
• Biparental Designs: RIL (Recombinant Inbred Lines), NIL (Near Isogenic Lines), BC (Backcross), and TC (Testcross) are traditional biparental designs.

Correct option: (3) NAM and MAGIC