Family Structures & Contemporary Indian Dynamics: Nuclear, Joint, Blended, Adoptive Families & Family Crises

• Green Building Rating and Certification Systems:
• LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design):
• Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED is the most globally recognized green building certification and rating system evaluating sustainable site development, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality.
• Indian Context: IGBC (Indian Green Building Council) administers LEED India rating alongside its own indigenous green building rating programs, but LEED is the international standard rating system.
• Conclusion: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

• Family Ecosystem Perspective: Boundaries and Interfaces:
• Assertion (A): In the ecosystem perspective of a family, the area which separates a system area of influence from that of other systems is known as a boundary. $\implies$ Correct.
• In human ecological systems theory, a system boundary is an imaginary or tangible perimeter that demarcates the system (family) from its suprasystem (community, environment), regulating energy and information flow.
• Reason (R): A common or shared boundary between systems is called an interface. $\implies$ Correct.
• An interface is the specific point or zone where two systems or subsystems meet and interact (e.g., family-school interface, family-market interface).
• Conclusion: Both (A) and (R) are correct (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Both (A) and (R) are correct

• Manufacture of Synthetic and Regenerated Fibers via Dry Spinning:
• Dry Spinning Process:
• The fiber-forming polymer is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent (e.g., cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone).
• The polymer dope is extruded through spinneret orifices into a vertical spinning tower where a counter-current stream of warm air evaporates the solvent, solidifying continuous filaments.
• Comparison of Spinning Systems:
• Dry spinning: Cellulose Acetate, Spandex, Acrylic.
• Melt spinning: Nylon, Polyester, Polypropylene.
• Wet spinning: Viscose Rayon, Cuprammonium Rayon.
• Conclusion: Acetate (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Acetate

• Textile Classification: Velvet vs Napped vs Flocked Fabrics:
• Assertion (A): Velvet is a napped fabric. $\implies$ Incorrect.
• Velvet is a warp pile fabric constructed with an extra set of warp yarns forming upright loops that are subsequently cut to produce a dense upright pile, whereas napped fabrics (e.g., flannel) are plain or twill fabrics brushed with wire rollers to raise existing yarn fiber ends.
• Reason (R): It is produced by attaching very short fibers to the surface of the fabric. $\implies$ Incorrect.
• Attaching short chopped fibers (flock) to an adhesive-coated fabric substrate using electrostatic charge is called flocking, not pile weaving or napping.
• Conclusion: Both (A) and (R) are incorrect (Option 2).

Correct option: (2) Both (A) and (R) are incorrect