Chitosan: A linear cationic polysaccharide produced by alkaline deacetylation of shrimp/crab chitin ($N$-acetyl-D-glucosamine).
It is positively charged, non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible.
While chitosan is widely used in experimental nanomedicine and recognized as a GRAS dietary/device ingredient, chitosan nanoparticles as an injectable drug delivery vehicle are not officially approved by the USFDA.
Correct Option: Option 4 (approved by USFDA for drug delivery).
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Q.38
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
TaqMan Probe: An oligonucleotide probe dual-labeled with a $5'$ fluorescent reporter dye (e.g., FAM) and a $3'$ quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA).
During real-time PCR, Taq DNA polymerase's $5' \to 3'$ exonuclease activity cleaves the hybridized probe, releasing the reporter from quenching and generating fluorescence proportional to accumulated amplicon. It is the gold standard for genotyping and SNP detection in real-time PCR.
Correct Option: Option 1 (genotyping by real-time PCR).
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Q.39
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
In genetic engineering and fish transgenesis (e.g., microinjection of recombinant growth hormone constructs into fertilized teleost eggs):
Injected DNA construct rarely integrates prior to the first mitotic cleavage, integrating instead into one of multiple blastomeres during the $2-$, $4-$, or $8-$cell stages.
The resulting founder ($G_0$) animals consist of a patchwork of genetically distinct cells (some with the transgene, some without), a state known as mosaicism.
Correct Option: Option 3 (transgenesis).
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Q.40
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
Which of these is not true for 16S metagenomic sequencing by NGS?
16S rRNA Gene Sequencing: Amplifies specific hypervariable regions (typically V3 and V4) using universal primers to profile microbial taxonomic composition and relative abundance in environmental samples.
It is an amplicon marker-gene assay and does not sequence the full metagenome or yield novel functional genes. Discovering novel metabolic genes requires shotgun whole-metagenome sequencing.
Correct Option: Option 2 (It yields novel genes from the sequenced microbes).
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