The plasma membrane consists of an amphipathic phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophobic internal hydrocarbon core.
Small non-polar molecules ($O_2, CO_2, N_2$) and small uncharged molecules (ethanol) diffuse freely across the bilayer.
Water is a polar molecule; although trace amounts cross by simple diffusion, water is not freely permeable across pure lipid bilayers and requires specialized transmembrane protein channels (aquaporins) for rapid facilitated osmotic transport.
Correct Option: Option 2 (freely permeable to water).
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Q.42
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
Which of these organelles are rich in hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysosomes: Membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles containing approximately 50 different acid hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatases, nucleases, proteases, lipases, sulfatases).
These enzymes function optimally at an internal acidic $\text{pH}$ of $4.5 - 5.0$ maintained by vacuolar $H^+$-ATPase proton pumps to degrade cellular debris, ingested phagocytic particles, and macromolecules.
Correct Option: Option 2 (Lysosomes).
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Q.43
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs): Based on the E. coli fertility ($F$) plasmid, carrying large inserts ($100 - 300\text{ kb}$) at a strictly controlled single copy per host cell.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs): Linear vectors containing yeast centromere (CEN), telomeres (TEL), and autonomous replication sequences (ARS), accommodating inserts up to $1000 - 2000\text{ kb}$ as single-copy linear chromosomes.
Correct Option: Option 4 (High capacity, single copy vectors).
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Q.44
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
The restriction enzyme that makes blunt cuts in DNA is
Plasmids: Small, circular, extrachromosomal, self-replicating double-stranded DNA molecules found naturally in bacteria.
They are widely utilized as cloning and expression vectors in recombinant DNA technology and gene transfer to introduce foreign target genes into host organisms.
Correct Option: Option 1 (Plasmids are widely used in gene transfer).
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