Rainfed Agriculture Statistics: India has a total net sown area of roughly $140\text{--}141\text{ million hectares (mha)}$. With net irrigated area reaching approximately $70\text{--}73\text{ mha}$ (around $51\%\text{--}52\%$) following recent micro-irrigation expansions, the remaining rainfed agricultural area accounts for approximately $70\text{ mha}$ (nearly $48\%\text{--}50\%$ of net cultivated land). (Correct answer)
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Q.12
Genetics & Plant Breeding - ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)
Which nutrient is often a limiting factor in agricultural production?
Nitrogen (N): The primary mineral macronutrient most universally deficient and crop-growth limiting in soils worldwide, especially in subtropical Indian soils where organic carbon is low and nitrogen is prone to leaching, volatilization, and denitrification losses. (Correct answer)
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O): Framework/structural elements acquired naturally and abundantly from air ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$), thus rarely acting as mineral fertilizer limiting factors.
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Q.13
Genetics & Plant Breeding - ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)
What is a potential disadvantage of agroforestry systems?
Enhanced susceptibility to pests: In complex multi-strata agroforestry systems, the shaded, humid microclimate created by tree canopies and the presence of perennial woody species can act as alternative, collateral hosts or overwintering bridges for insect pests and fungal pathogens, increasing pest attack on companion field crops. (Correct answer)
Soil erosion: Agroforestry reduces, rather than increases, soil erosion through tree roots and litter cover.
Carbon sequestration & Biodiversity: Agroforestry substantially elevates carbon sequestration and ecological biodiversity compared to monocultures.
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Allyl isothiocyanate: The volatile, sharp organosulfur compound generated when the glucosinolate sinigrin in crushed mustard seeds is enzymatically hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzyme myrosinase in the presence of moisture, giving mustard oil its characteristic pungent aroma and biting taste. (Correct answer)
Erucic acid: A long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid ($C_{22:1}$) determining oil nutritional quality and myocardial health, but it does not cause pungency.
Oxalic acid: An antinutritional organic acid found in spinach and beet leaves.
Amino acids: Fundamental building blocks of proteins, non-volatile and non-pungent.
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Pedaliaceae: The sesame family characterized by mucilage-producing glandular hairs, opposite simple leaves, zygomorphic tubular flowers, and multi-seeded dehiscent capsules. Cultivated sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is the most prominent agronomic member. (Correct answer)
Papilionaceae / Leguminosae: The pulse and legume family (e.g., chickpea, soybean, groundnut), characterized by butterfly-like papilionaceous flowers and podded fruit.
Chenopodiaceae (now Amaranthaceae): The goosefoot family including spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).
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