Human Development and Family Studies- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

• Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT):
• Statement (A): Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is effective in treating various psychological disorders. $\implies$ True.
• Founded by Albert Ellis, REBT is a pioneering cognitive-behavioral approach shown through clinical trials to be highly effective for anxiety, depression, and obsessive disorders.
• Statement (B): RET focuses on projecting one's ideas and repressed emotions onto someone else... $\implies$ False.
• Projection and repressed emotions are psychoanalytic constructs (Freudian defense mechanisms). In contrast, REBT strictly focuses on the A-B-C model (Activating event, Irrational Beliefs, Consequences), actively challenging and restructuring irrational cognitive beliefs through disputation.
• Conclusion: (A) is true but (B) is false (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) (A) is true but (B) is false.

• Neonatal Reflexes: Rooting Reflex:
• Rooting Reflex:
• An involuntary primitive survival reflex present in healthy full-term neonates from birth up to approximately 4 months of age.
• When an infant's cheek or corner of the mouth is gently stroked or touched, the baby automatically turns the head toward that side, opens the mouth, and makes sucking movements to latch onto the breast nipple.
• Other Primitive Reflexes:
• Moro reflex: Startle response involving arm extension and crying upon sudden drop.
• Grasping (Palmar) reflex: Spontaneous finger curling when palm is touched.
• Babinski reflex: Upward dorsiflexion of the big toe upon stroking the sole.
• Conclusion: Rooting reflex (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) Rooting reflex

• Role of Play in Early Childhood Development:
• Assertion (A): Preschool children learn through play, manipulation of objects, exploration, experimentation, trial and error, asking questions, observing, and imitating others. $\implies$ True.
• Constructivist developmental psychology (Piaget, Vygotsky) confirms that play is the primary vehicle for neural synaptic development, sensorimotor skills, language acquisition, and social problem-solving.
• Reason (R): Play is not an essential aspect of early childhood education as it distracts children from learning... $\implies$ False.
• Rote drilling and rigid desk-bound early numeracy are developmentally inappropriate and counter-productive for preschoolers; play is essential, foundational, and therapeutic.
• Conclusion: (A) is correct but (R) is not correct (Option 3).

• Protective Food Groups in Human Nutrition:
• In nutrition education and the ICMR-NIN five-basic-food-group system:
• Energy-yielding foods: Cereals, millets, sugars, and fats/oils (rich in carbohydrates and triglycerides).
• Body-building foods: Milk, pulses, eggs, meat, and fish (rich in proteins and minerals).
• Protective foods: Fruits and Vegetables, which are rich in protective micronutrients (Vitamins A, C, E, folate, potassium, calcium) and antioxidant phytochemicals that strengthen the immune system and protect against infectious and non-communicable diseases.
• Conclusion: Fruits and Vegetables (Option 3).

Correct option: (3) Fruits and Vegetables

• Etiology of Salmonellosis Food Infection:
• Clinical Manifestations: Acute onset of watery diarrhea, severe abdominal cramps, nausea, and high fever starting 12 to 72 hours following ingestion.
• Food Infection vs Intoxication:
• Salmonella enterica causes a true food infection, invading the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon and causing inflammatory enteritis.
• In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, and Bacillus cereus primarily cause food intoxications mediated by preformed exotoxins (enterotoxin, neurotoxin), which typically produce rapid vomiting within 1–6 hours without sustained high fever.
• Conclusion: Salmonella (Option 4).

Correct option: (4) Salmonella