Livestock Products Technology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

• Himalayan Churpi:
• Churpi is a traditional indigenous dairy product prepared across high-altitude regions of Ladakh, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Nepal from the milk of the yak (Bos grunniens) or dzo.
• Skimmed yak milk is boiled, curdled with starter/lemon juice, pressed in wooden molds to express whey, and either consumed fresh (soft churpi) or sun-dried and smoke-cured for months into rock-hard blocks (hard churpi).
• It is classified technologically as an artisanal Cheese equivalent.
• nalysis:
• (Cheese): Correct.

Correct option: (4) Cheese

• Evaluation of Statements:
• Assertion (A): Size of the egg varies with the species and within the species.
• True. Egg weight and volume vary widely across avian taxa (e.g., quail $\approx 10\text{ g}$, chicken $\approx 55-60\text{ g}$, duck $\approx 70-80\text{ g}$, ostrich $\approx 1500\text{ g}$), as well as within species according to breed, age, and nutrition.
• Reason (R): Generally the egg size in Indian ducks is smaller than Indian chickens.
• False. Duck eggs (average weight $65 - 75\text{ g}$) are considerably larger and heavier than chicken eggs (average weight $50 - 58\text{ g}$).
• nalysis:
• ((A) is true but (R) is false): Correct.

Correct option: (3) (A) is true but (R) is false

• Vaccination Practices in Buffaloes:
• Buffaloes are routinely vaccinated against:
• Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS - Pasteurella multocida)
• Black Quarter (BQ - Clostridium chauvoei)
• Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
• Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
• Theileriosis (Theileria annulata cell-culture vaccine)
• Diseases Not Prevented by Routine Buffalo Vaccination:
• Coccidiosis (B): Protozoan enteric infection managed through hygiene and anticoccidial chemotherapeutics (no commercial vaccine).
• Canine Distemper (D): A morbillivirus disease restricted strictly to canids and carnivores; it does not infect buffaloes.
• nalysis:
• ((B) and (D) only): Correct.

Correct option: (1) (B) and (D) only.

• Components of the Calving Interval ($CI$):
• The calving interval is the time elapsed between two consecutive calvings:

• Biological Variation:
• The Gestation Period is a biologically conserved physiological constant within a breed ($\approx 280-285\text{ days}$ in cattle, $305-310\text{ days}$ in buffaloes), showing minimal variance ($\lt 1-2\%$).
• The Service Period (Days Open) (time from parturition to successful conception) varies enormously from $60\text{ days}$ to $\gt 200\text{ days}$ depending on postpartum estrus onset, heat detection efficiency, and conception rate.
• Thus, virtually all ($\gt 95\%$) variation in calving interval is driven by the Service period.
• nalysis:
• (Service period): Correct.

Correct option: (2) Service period

• Pastoral and Migratory Cattle Breeds:
• Belahi (B): Distinctive migratory cattle breed of Haryana and Himachal foothills reared by Gujjar pastoralists on forest grazing.
• Gojri (C): Dual-purpose migratory breed maintained by nomadic Gujjars in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
• Sanchori (D): Native to Jalore/Barmer districts of Rajasthan, maintained under extensive pastoral migratory systems.
• Kankrej (A): Sourced primarily in Banaskantha/Kutch, though pastoral, the northern hill/semi-arid pastoral migratory groups include Belahi, Gojri, and Sanchori.
• nalysis:
• ((B), (C) and (D) only): Correct.

Correct option: (1) (A), (6) and (D) only.