The term ‘Genetics of Disaster” by Harlan refers to | Agrigyan

• Genomic Selection (GS) / Genome-Wide Selection (GWS): Formulated by Meuwissen et al. (2001), where high-density, genome-wide markers are utilized simultaneously to capture all QTL effects (both major and minor) across the entire genome to predict Genomic Estimated Breeding Values (GEBVs).
• Comparison:
• GWAS (C): Genome-Wide Association Study is a genetic mapping approach to detect marker-trait associations, not a selection breeding methodology.
• MARS (D): Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection selects only for a pre-identified subset of statistically significant QTL markers.
• Conclusion: Statements (A) and (B) only describe this specialized genome-wide selection system. (Correct answer: Option 2)

• PJHIM-1 (Punjab Jammu Hybrid Inbred Maize-1): An early-maturing, single-cross hybrid variety of Maize (Zea mays L.) developed collaboratively by PAU Ludhiana and SKUAST Jammu, recommended for high grain yield under rainfed sub-montane tracts. (Correct answer: Option 3)

• Bipartite Nature of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRN): GRNs are mathematically modeled as bipartite directed graphs comprising two distinct classes of nodes: regulatory elements (such as transcription factors, small RNAs, and signaling proteins) and target gene loci whose expression is modulated.
• Directionality of Information Flow: Edges connecting nodes possess intrinsic directionality ($A

ightarrow B$), signifying asymmetric regulatory control wherein upstream transcription factors bind specific promoter or enhancer cis-elements to regulate downstream target genes, rather than the reverse.

• Assertion and Reason Verification: Assertion (A) accurately defines GRNs as bipartite and directional networks, and Reason (R) provides the precise mechanistic and topological explanation for why this structural bipartiteness and directionality arise.
• Conclusion: Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (Option 1).

Correct option: (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)