International Year of Millets (IYM 2023) & UN SDGs: The United Nations declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets to promote climate-resilient nutrition and sustainable agriculture.
SDGs Directly Supported:
SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) & SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being)
SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) through dryland farmer livelihoods
SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) through sustainable diversified diets
SDG 15 (Life on Land) through desertification resistance and soil health
Distinction: "Nutrition for the most vulnerable" is a specific target/component under SDG 2 rather than an independent designated SDG agenda title in the UN 2030 Agenda framework. (Correct answer: Option 3)
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Q.35
Soil Science- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)
The time required to complete hydrolysis of urea when applied in normal soil and alkline soils, respectively is
Urea Hydrolysis Mechanism: Applied urea [$\text{CO(NH}_2)_2$] undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by the soil enzyme urease to form ammonium carbamate, which rapidly breaks down into ammonium ions ($\text{NH}_4^+$), bicarbonate, and hydroxyl ions ($\text{OH}^-$).
Normal Neutral Soils: Under favorable moisture and microbial urease activity in neutral soils ($pH\ 6.5–7.5$), urea hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and completes within 2 to 3 days.
Alkaline / Calcareous Soils: In high pH calcareous/alkaline soils ($pH \gt 8.0$), high initial hydroxyl concentration and osmotic shifts retard optimal urease kinetics and promote intermediate carbonate precipitation, extending complete hydrolysis to about 7 days. (Correct answer: Option 4)
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Q.36
Soil Science- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)
Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach was developed by:
DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System): Developed by E.R. Beaufils in 1973 for sugarcane and later calibrated across various field and orchard crops.
Methodology: Evaluates plant nutritional status by comparing nutrient elemental ratios (e.g., N/P, N/K, P/K) with calibrated standard norms derived from high-yielding populations, minimizing dilution and concentration effects caused by plant age or dry matter accumulation. (Correct answer: Option 3)
Olsen: Developed the sodium bicarbonate method for available phosphorus extraction in alkaline soils.
Liebig: Formulated the Law of the Minimum (1840).
Arnon: Formulated the Criteria of Essentiality of plant nutrients with Stout (1939).
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Q.40
Soil Science- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
Statement Based
Given below are two statements
Statement (I) :Iron deficiency is most common in upland crops, particularly those grown on the calcareous/alkaline soils of
arid region
Statement (II) :Molybdenum is associated with nitrogenase and nitrate reductase enzymes and is essential for nitrogen
fixing plants and microorganisms
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
Statement (I) is correct: In upland arid and semi-arid calcareous soils with high pH ($pH \gt 7.5$) and high free calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$), iron precipitates into insoluble ferric hydroxides and carbonates ($Fe(OH)_3$), severely suppressing bioavailable divalent ferrous ($Fe^{2+}$) and triggering widespread lime-induced iron chlorosis in upland crops like groundnut and chickpea.
Statement (II) is correct: Molybdenum (Mo) is a crucial metallic cofactor present in nitrogenase (within the FeMo-cofactor catalyzing biological atmospheric $N_2$ reduction) and nitrate reductase (catalyzing the reduction of nitrate $NO_3^-$ to nitrite $NO_2^-$), making it indispensable for leguminous symbiotic nitrogen fixation and microbial nitrate assimilation.
Conclusion: Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct. (Correct answer: Option 1)
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Q.42
Soil Science- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024
MCQ (Single Correct)
The production of single superphosphate (SSP) involves following operations:
(A). The powdered rock phosphate (containing 30%-38% total POs) is mixed with sulphuric
acid (65%-75% H»SOa) to form a slurry.
(B). The wet material is subjected to final curing, when some of the slow reactions reach a state of near completion and
the excess water evaporates. The curing time is 2-6 weeks
(C). Solidification of the slurry in a den (denning), where continued reactions and crystallization of monocalcium
phosphate take place (time required 0.5 to 4 hours)
(D). If granular SSP is desired, it can be granulated either before or after it is cured
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Slurry Formation (A): Powdered rock phosphate (containing 30%–38% total $P_2O_5$) is reacted with sulfuric acid (65%–75% $H_2SO_4$) in an acidulator to produce soluble monocalcium phosphate and calcium sulfate.
Denning Process (C): The reacting slurry is discharged into a den where solidification, continued acidulation, and initial crystallization of monocalcium phosphate occur over 0.5 to 4 hours.
Curing (B): The solidified porous superphosphate mass is excavated and transferred to storage piles for 2 to 6 weeks of curing, allowing slow chemical reactions to reach equilibrium and excess free acid/moisture to dissipate.
Granulation (D): If granular SSP is required, the cured or uncured powder can be granulated with water/steam in a rotary drum granulator.
Conclusion: All operations (A), (B), (C), and (D) are integral components of single superphosphate manufacture. (Correct answer: Option 3)
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