The usual prevalence of a given disease within an area indicates... | Agrigyan

Q.42

Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

MCQ (Single Correct)

The usual prevalence of a given disease within an area indicates that the disease in the region is

Endemic Correct Epidemic Pandemic Sporadic

Frequency Patterns of Infectious Diseases:
Endemic: The habitual presence, constant occurrence, or usual expected baseline prevalence of a specific disease within a defined geographical area or population.
Epidemic: An unexpected, sharp increase in the number of disease cases clearly in excess of normal baseline expectations.
Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread across multiple international continents.
Sporadic: Occurs irregularly and infrequently at scattered, unpredictable intervals.
nalysis:
(Endemic): Correct.

Correct option: (1) Endemic

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report

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5 Topics

Agricultural Meteorology & Climate Science Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Reclamation Crop Genetics, Plant Breeding & IPR Cell Biology, Plant Physiology & Biochemistry Agricultural Entomology, Nematology & Crop Protection

General Bacteriology

3 Topics

Bacterial Virulence Mechanisms, Pathogenicity Islands, Bacterial Toxins (Anthrax Toxins, Enterotoxins) & LPS Mutants Bacterial Morphology, Ultrastructure, Cell Wall Chemistry & Special Staining Techniques (Gram, ZN, MZN, Dienes) Bacterial Physiology, Growth Kinetics, Nutrition (Phototrophs, Autotrophs) & Bacterial Genetics (Conjugation, Transduction)

Introduction, History and Etiology

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Historical Milestones in Pathology (Morgagni Seats and Causes of Disease, Virchow, Metchnikoff) & General Etiology

Veterinary Helminthology

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Trematode Morphology, Systematic Classification & Fluke Biology (Fasciola, Gigantocotyle, Gastrodiscus, Paramphistomum) Bursate Nematodes (Order Strongylida: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Ancylostoma, Syngamus, Metastrongylus)

Veterinary Public Health

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World Zoonoses Day, International Health Agencies (WHO, WOAH, FAO) & VPH Administration VPH Concepts, Historical Milestones, Intersectoral Collaboration & One Health Paradigm

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Milk Hygiene

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Dairy Microbiology, Spoilage Microorganisms & Microbial Ecology of Raw Milk (Pseudomonas, Psychrotrophs, Alcaligenes) Milk Processing, HTST Pasteurization, UHT, In-Bottle Sterilization & Thermal Death Kinetics Quality Control & Platform Tests of Milk (Standard Plate Count, Direct Microscopic Count, MBRT, Resazurin Test) Chemical, Mycotoxin & Antibiotic Residues in Milk (Aflatoxin M1 Standards, Pesticide Residues, MRLs) Dairy Plant Sanitation, Cleaning-in-Place (CIP), Detergents & Chemical Sanitizers

Systematic Bacteriology

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Endospore-Forming Bacilli & Clostridial Diseases (Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, C. septicum, C. novyi) Rickettsiales & Anaplasmataceae (Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. platys, Ehrlichia canis, E. ewingii, Neorickettsia)

Veterinary Entomology

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Diptera: Nematocera Vector Flies (Culicoides, Phlebotomus, Simulium, Mosquito Vectors & Transmission) Diptera: Brachycera & Cyclorrhapha (Tabanus, Chrysops, Stomoxys, Haematobia, Musca) Phthiraptera: Sucking & Chewing Lice Biology, Morphology & Host Specificity (Haematopinus, Linognathus, Bovicola, Menopon) Acarology: Mites, Mange & Scab Infestation (Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Chorioptes, Demodex, Cheyletiella, Dermanyssus)

General Virology

1 Topic

Viral Replication Cycles, Cultivation, Plaque Assay, Reverse Transcription (Hepadnaviruses) & Trypsin Cleavage

Meat Hygiene

5 Topics

Swine Slaughter Operations, Scalding Systems (Scalding Tank vs Vertical Scalding) & Dressing Procedures Antemortem Inspection, Judgement Categories & Disease Diagnosis in Live Animals Post-Mortem Inspection, Carcass Condemnation Criteria & Granulomatous Lymph Node Pathology (Tuberculosis, Johne's) Muscle Biochemistry, Rigor Mortis, DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry) & PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) Meat Syndromes Meat Speciation, Adulteration Detection & Analytical Techniques (PCR, PAGE, Isoelectric Focusing, ELISA)

Food-borne Infections and Intoxications

6 Topics

Bacterial Food-Borne Infections (Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia) Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC O157:H7, Shiga-like Toxins, Beta-Glucuronidase Phenotype) Clostridium perfringens & Bacillus cereus Toxicoinfections & Enterotoxin Detection Assays Food Preservation Principles, Low-Temperature Freezing Kinetics (Quick vs Slow Freezing), Salting & Water Activity Bacterial Food Intoxications (Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins, Clostridium botulinum Botulism) Non-Bacterial Food-Borne Hazards, Scombroid Histamine Poisoning & Marine Biotoxins

Systematic Virology

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DNA Viruses of Veterinary Importance (Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Asfarviridae African Swine Fever, Parvoviridae) Non-Segmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses (Rhabdoviridae Rabies, Paramyxoviridae Newcastle/Rinderpest/Distemper)

Mycology

1 Topic

General Mycology Principles, Fungal Ultrastructure, Growth Requirements & Mucorales (Mucor, Rhizopus)

Parasitic Zoonoses

2 Topics

Arthropod, Crustacean & Pentastomid Zoonoses (Linguatula serrata, Armillifer, Visceral Pentastomosis, Sarcoptic Zoonoses) One Health Surveillance, Epidemiological Classification (Xenonoses, Eupanzoonoses) & Zoonosis Prevention

Zoonoses

4 Topics

Classification & Ecology of Zoonoses (Cyclozoonoses, Metazoonoses, Direct Zoonoses, Pherozoonoses, Xenozoonoses) Bacterial Zoonoses (Zoonotic Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Anthrax, Leptospirosis, Q Fever) Chlamydial, Rickettsial & Primate Zoonoses (Chlamydia psittaci Psittacosis, Herpes B Virus, Monkeypox) Viral Zoonoses (Rabies, Japanese Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest Disease, Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers)

Disturbances in Cell Growth and Oncology

1 Topic

Cellular Adaptive Responses (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia & Dysplasia)

Environmental Hygiene

4 Topics

Water Quality Standards, Purification Technologies (Rapid Sand Filtration) & Chlorination Chemistry (DPD Assay, Dechlorination) Heavy Metal & Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water (WHO Lead Standards, Arsenic, Fluoride) Air Pollution, Industrial Effluents, Occupational Dust Inhalation & Pneumoconiosis (Coal Worker's Anthracosis, Silicosis) Farm Waste Management, Carcass Disposal, Radiation Contamination & Radioactive Fallout

Immunology

1 Topic

Cytokines, Interferons (Type I IFN-alpha/beta, Type II IFN-gamma, Type III IFN-lambda) & Superantigen Activation

Management of Livestock Parasitism

2 Topics

Anthelmintic Pharmacology & Probenzimidazoles (Febantel, Netobimin, Thiophanate, Levamisole, Macrocyclic Lactones) Acaricides, Insecticides, Semio-chemicals & Integrated Vector Baits (Pyrethroids, Amitraz, IGRs, Poison Baits)

Epidemiology

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Causal Hypotheses, Mill's Canons, Observational Study Designs (Cohort Studies, Case-Control) & Sampling Measures of Association (Relative Risk, Odds Ratio), Diagnostic Test Evaluation (Sensitivity, Specificity, NPV) & NIVEDI Basic Principles, Disease Ecology, Epidemiological Triad, Natural Nidality & Endemic Baseline Active Temporal, Spatial & Demographic Disease Patterns (Epidemic Curves, Secular Trends, Landscape Epidemiology)

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Molecular Cell Biology (Vaccine & Diagnostic Technology)

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Clinical Pathology

1 Topic

Erythrocyte Kinetics, Erythropoiesis Sequence & Regenerative Anemia (Polychromasia, Macrocytosis, Nucleated RBCs)

Experimental Animal Medicine

1 Topic

Laboratory Animal Biology, Breeding Parameters, Gestation Periods (Guinea Pig, Rabbit, Rodents) & Ethical Guidelines

Health Education

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Veterinary Health Education Principles, Extension Communication & KAP Studies (Knowledge, Attitude, Practice)

Systemic Pathology

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Pathology of Digestive System: Primary Tympany Bloat, Rumenitis, Enteritis & Hepatic Cirrhosis

Pathology of Infectious Diseases

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Standard Guidelines and Legislation

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Avian Pathology

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Microbiology in Public Health

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Public Health Microbial Diagnostics, Selective Media (Hektoen, Baird-Parker) & Salmonella ISO Isolation Protocols

Nutritional and Production Pathology

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Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

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