Matching of soil, water, and groundwater engineering terms: (A) Erosivity matches with (III) Rainfall: Rainfall erosivity (the \(R\) factor in USLE) is the potential kinetic energy ability of rain to cause soil detachment and erosion. (B) Erodibility matches with (IV) Soil: Soil erodibility (the \(K\) factor in USLE) is the inherent susceptibility or vulnerability of a soil type to detach and transport by erosive agents. (C) Application efficiency matches with (V) Irrigation: Water application efficiency (\(E_a\)) is an irrigation metric measuring the ratio of water stored in the crop root zone to the water delivered to the field. (D) Radial flow matches with (I) Tubewell: Groundwater pumping from a tubewell creates radial converging flow patterns from all directions toward the well bore. (E) Cone of depression matches with (II) Tubewell spacing: The cone of depression formed around a pumping tubewell governs the radius of influence, which directly determines the minimum spacing between adjacent tubewells to avoid hydraulic interference.
Hence, the correct match is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (V), (D) - (I), (E) - (II).
Soil and water conservation design guidelines:
(A) Engineering measures are adopted on lands with slope greater than 2% (IV) where agronomic practices alone are insufficient.
(B) Agricultural / Agronomic practices (contour farming, strip cropping, mulching) are recommended on gentle slopes less than 2% (V).
(C) Contour bunding is suitable for lands having slopes of 2 to 6% (III) and low rainfall ($\lt 750 - 800\text{ mm/year}$).
(D) Graded bunding is constructed in areas receiving annual rainfall more than 750 mm/year (I) (and on slopes up to 8% or soils with low permeability) to safely discharge surplus runoff.
(E) Terracing (Bench terracing) is constructed on steep hilly slopes of 10 to 30% (II) (up to 33%).
Hence, the correct matching is (A) - (IV), (B) - (V), (C) - (III), (D) - (I), (E) - (II).
मृदा एवं जल संरक्षण उपायों के मानक:
यांत्रिक/इंजीनियरिंग उपाय -> (IV) 2% से अधिक ढलान पर
सस्य वैज्ञानिक/कृषि पद्धतियां -> (V) 2% से कम ढलान पर
कंटूर बंडिंग -> (III) 2 से 6% ढलान और कम वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में
ग्रेडेड बंडिंग -> (I) 750 मिमी/वर्ष से अधिक वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में (सुरक्षित जल निकासी हेतु)
सीढ़ीदार खेती (Terracing) -> (II) 10 से 30% तीव्र पहाड़ी ढलानों पर
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13
ICAR PG Agricultural Engineering And Technology 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
Matching of hydrological processes and principles: (A) Evaporation matches with (IV) Dalton's law: Evaporation rate from open water is governed by Dalton's law, \(E = C(e_s - e_a)\). (B) Infiltration matches with (III) Rate of entry of rain water in to soil: Infiltration is the physical process of water penetrating into the soil surface from precipitation. (C) Low evaporation matches with (II) Humid day: High atmospheric relative humidity (vapor pressure \(e_a\) close to saturation \(e_s\)) substantially reduces the vapor pressure gradient, resulting in low evaporation. (D) Evapotranspiration matches with (V) Blaney-Criddle: The Blaney-Criddle method is a classic temperature-based empirical formula used to estimate consumptive use (evapotranspiration). (E) Transpiration matches with (I) Plant leaves: Transpiration is the biological vaporization of water from plant leaves through stomata.
Hence, the correct match is (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (V), (E) - (I).
सही मिलान:
वाष्पीकरण -> (IV) डाल्टन का नियम (Dalton's law, \(E \propto (e_s - e_a)\))
अंतःस्यंदन -> (III) मृदा में वर्षा जल के प्रवेश की दर
कम वाष्पीकरण -> (II) आर्द्र दिन (हवा में अधिक नमी के कारण)
वाष्पोत्सर्जन -> (V) ब्लेनी-क्रिडिल विधि (ET आकलन की विधि)
प्रस्वेदन -> (I) पौधों की पत्तियां (रंध्रों द्वारा जल वाष्प का निकास)
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14
ICAR PG Agricultural Engineering And Technology 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
A Persian wheel with an average discharge of 230 litres/minute irrigates 1 ha of wheat crop in 50 hrs. What is the average depth of irrigation?
230 लीटर/मिनट के औसत विसर्जन (discharge) वाला एक पर्शियन व्हील (रहट) 50 घंटे में 1 हेक्टेयर गेहूं की फसल की सिंचाई करता है। सिंचाई की औसत गहराई (average depth of irrigation) क्या है?
Diagnostic criteria for Alkali (Sodic) soils (US Salinity Laboratory): Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP): \(\ge 15\%\) (Statement E is correct).
Soil pH: \(\gt 8.5\) (typically between 8.5 and 10.0 due to hydrolysis of \(\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3\)) (Statement C is correct).
Soluble salts: Predominantly dominated by sodium carbonate (\(\text{Na}_2\text{CO}_3\)) and sodium bicarbonate (\(\text{NaHCO}_3\)) (Statement B is correct). \lt strong\gt Electrical Conductivity (EC)\lt /strong\gt : \(< 4\text{ dS/m}\) at \(25^\circ\text{C}\) (Statement D is incorrect; \(\text{EC} > 4\) is characteristic of saline soils).
Permeability: Extremely low / poor (Statement A is incorrect) because excess exchangeable sodium causes severe dispersion and deflocculation of clay particles, clogging pores.
Therefore, (B), (C), and (E) only are correct.
क्षारीय / सोडिक मृदा (Sodic Soils) की विशेषताएं: ESP (विनिमेय सोडियम प्रतिशत): \(\ge 15\%\) (कथन E सत्य) pH: 8.5 से अधिक (कथन C सत्य) लवण: सोडियम के कार्बोनेट और बाइकार्बोनेट मुख्य होते हैं (कथन B सत्य) विद्युत चालकता (EC): 4 dS/m से कम होती है (कथन D असत्य) पारगम्यता: क्ले कणों के फैलाव (dispersion) के कारण पारगम्यता अत्यंत कम (low) होती है (कथन A असत्य)।
अतः केवल (B), (C) और (E) सही हैं।
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