Trap crops are plants grown near or around the main crop that are more attractive to specific insect pests, thereby intercepting and preventing them from reaching and damaging the economically important main crop.

• Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field to maximize space and reduce overall pest buildup.
• Crop rotation disrupts the continuous life cycle of soil-borne pests by changing host plant species over successive seasons.
• Trap cropping specifically attracts and confines pests away from the main commercial crop.
• Variation in sowing time creates temporal asynchrony between pest emergence and vulnerable crop stages.

Carbohydrates exist in dietary foods either as complex polysaccharides (starch) or simple sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose):

• Apple stores carbohydrates predominantly as simple sugars (fructose and sucrose).
• Wheat is a major cereal grain storing carbohydrates primarily as starch ($60-70\%$).
• Rice endosperm contains carbohydrates predominantly in the form of starch ($75-80\%$).
• Potato tubers are rich storage organs containing carbohydrates primarily as starch ($70-80\%$ dry weight).
• Orange contains carbohydrates mainly in the form of soluble simple sugars and citric acid.

Insect pests possess mouthparts adapted to their specific feeding behavior. Aphids, plant hoppers, and thrips possess piercing-sucking or rasping-sucking mouthparts with which they extract phloem sap from foliage. In contrast, white grubs (larvae of scarabaeid chafer beetles, Holotrichia spp.) possess robust chewing and biting (mandibulate) mouthparts, actively devouring crop roots in the soil. Option analysis: (A) Aphid is a phloem-sucking pest. (B) Plant hopper is a major sucking pest. (C) Thrips has rasping and sucking mouthparts. (D) White grub is a root-cutting and chewing soil pest.