Identify the nematode genera based on the following characters:
'Small to medium-sized (0.4-1.2 mm) ectoparasitic nematodes, females spirally coiled or rarely arcuate, cephalic region low or elevated, continuous or rarely offset, with or without annulation. Stylet robust, about three to four times maximum width of cephalic region. Both branches of female reproductive organs well developed and functional.'
निम्नलिखित लक्षणों के आधार पर सूत्रकृमि वंश की पहचान करें:
'छोटे से मध्यम आकार (0.4-1.2 मिमी) के बाह्यपरजीवी सूत्रकृमि, मादाएं कुंडलित (Spirally coiled) या कभी-कभार चापाकार, शीर्ष क्षेत्र नीचा या उभरा हुआ, अखंडित या कभी-कभार ऑफसेट, वलयों सहित या रहित। स्टाइलेट मजबूत, शीर्ष क्षेत्र की चौड़ाई से लगभग तीन से चार गुना। मादा जननांग की दोनों शाखाएं पूर्ण विकसित और क्रियाशील (Didelphic-amphidelphic)।'
Given below are two statements
Statement (I) : SSU rDNA is a good phylogenetic marker for elucidating species level phylogenetic relationships within a genus.
Statement (II) : SSU rDNA phylogenetic marker is the most reliable and appropriate phylogenetic marker for nematode molecular taxonomy.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं
कथन (I) : SSU rDNA किसी वंश के भीतर प्रजाति स्तर (Species level) के जातिवृत्तीय संबंधों को स्पष्ट करने के लिए एक अच्छा मार्कर है।
कथन (II) : SSU rDNA मार्कर सूत्रकृमि आणविक वर्गिकी के लिए सबसे विश्वसनीय और उपयुक्त जातिवृत्तीय मार्कर है।
उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सबसे उपयुक्त उत्तर चुनें:
The most recent hybrid classification of Phylum Nematoda by De Ley and Blaxter in 2002 proposes:
डी ले और ब्लैक्सटर (De Ley and Blaxter, 2002) द्वारा प्रस्तावित संघ नेमाटोडा (Phylum Nematoda) का आधुनिक संकर वर्गीकरण कितने वर्गों (Classes) का प्रस्ताव करता है?
General Agriculture, Cropping Systems, Crop Protection & Statistics
7 Topics
Agro-Climatic Zones, Agronomy, Cropping Systems, Tillage and Soil Fertility Management
Genetics, Plant Breeding Methods, Cytogenetics and Transgenic Bt Crops
Plant Physiology, Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Mineral Nutrition and Abiotic Stresses
Major Plant Pathology Concepts, Fungal, Bacterial and Viral Crop Diseases
Historical Evolution, Agricultural Education, ICAR Institutes and Research Infrastructure
Agricultural Extension, Rural Development Programs, Technology Transfer and KVKs
Agricultural Statistics, Experimental Designs (CRD, RBD, SPD) and Sampling Techniques
Entomology, Beneficial Insects, Nematology & Pest Management
35 Topics
Beneficial Insects II - Sericulture and Lac Culture: Silkworm Rearing, Moriculture, Lac Insect Biology and Processing
Biological Control: Predators, Parasitoids (Trichogramma, Bracon), Hyperparasitoids and Conservation
Pests of Cereals, Millets and Pulses: Rice, Wheat, Maize, Sorghum, Gram, Pigeonpea
Orders Apterygota and Exopterygota: Odonata, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Isoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera
Beneficial Insects I - Apiculture: Honeybee Species, Social Organization, Bee Pasture, Diseases and Beekeeping
Nematode Management: Cultural, Chemical (Nematicides), Biological, Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPN Steinernema, Heterorhabditis)
Insect Reproductive System, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Types of Reproduction and Metamorphosis
Plant Nematology II: Taxonomy, Major Nematode Orders (Tylenchida, Dorylaimida), Biology and Life Cycles
Active
Pests of Horticultural Crops: Vegetables, Fruit Trees, Plantation Crops, Spices and Flowers
Orders Endopterygota: Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Cultural, Physical, Mechanical, Regulatory (Plant Quarantine) Controls
Medical, Veterinary, Household Pests and Non-Insect Pests (Mites, Rodents, Birds)
Insect Thorax Morphology: Pterothorax, Legs and Types, Wings, Venation and Coupling Mechanisms
Microbial Control: Bacillus thuringiensis, NPV, GV, Entomopathogenic Fungi (Beauveria, Metarhizium)
Insect Ecology: Abiotic Factors (Temperature, Humidity, Light), Biotic Factors, Thermal Thresholds and Life Tables
Pests of Oilseeds, Commercial Crops and Fiber Crops: Cotton, Sugarcane, Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean
Major Plant Parasitic Nematodes: Root-Knot (Meloidogyne), Cyst (Heterodera, Globodera), Reniform, Lesion, Ear-Cockle
Insect Taxonomy: Principles of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), Hierarchy and Diagnostic Keys
Host Plant Resistance (HPR): Non-preference (Antixenosis), Antibiosis, Tolerance and Mechanisms
Insect External Morphology: Head, Suture, Tentorium, Eyes, Antennae and Types
Insect Mouthparts: Biting-Chewing, Piercing-Sucking, Sponging, Siphoning, Chewing-Lapping
Insect Integument: Cuticle Layers, Sclerotization, Chitin Chemistry and Molting Physiology
Insecticide Mode of Action: AChE Inhibitors, Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels, GABA, Nicotinic Receptors, RyR
Insecticide Formulations, Toxicity (LD50, LC50), Bioassay, Residues, Safety and Insecticides Act 1968
Stored Grain Pests: Primary, Secondary Beetles and Moths, Storage Structures and Fumigation Management
Plant Nematology I: History, Morphology, Anatomy, Digestive, Excretory and Reproductive Systems of Nematodes
History of Entomology in India, Landmarks, Pioneers and Entomological Institutions
Insect Excretory and Nervous Systems: Malpighian Tubules, Cryptonephridia, Brain, Nerve Cord and Sense Organs
Population Dynamics, Pest Surveillance, Forecasting, Sampling Methods and ETL/EIL Economics
Semio-Chemicals: Pheromones (Sex, Aggregation, Alarm), Kairomones, Allomones, Traps and Mating Disruption
Insect Abdomen Morphology, Segments, Male and Female Genitalia, Ovipositor Types and Appendages
Insect Digestive System: Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut, Peritrophic Membrane, Filter Chamber and Nutrition
Insect Circulatory and Respiratory Systems: Hemolymph, Dorsal Vessel, Spiracles and Tracheal System
Insect Endocrine System, Neurohormones, Ecdysone, Juvenile Hormone and Diapause Physiology
Chemical Control: Classification of Insecticides (OPs, OCs, Carbamates, Synthetic Pyrethroids, Neonicotinoids)
Official PYQ Papers
Previous Year Papers of Entomology and Nematology
Practice official shift-wise question papers with answer keys and detailed explanations on the actual exam pattern.
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