Forest pathology and wood-rotting basidiomycetes:

• Annosus root rot is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Fomes annosus (now taxonomically known as Heterobasidion annosum).
• It is one of the most economically destructive root and butt rot pathogens of coniferous and deciduous forest trees worldwide, spreading via airborne basidiospores colonizing freshly cut stump surfaces and subsequently transmitting to adjacent healthy trees through root grafts.
• Ennomos subsignarius (elm spanworm) and Archips are lepidopteran insects.

Gram-positive bacterial taxonomy:

• Actinomycetes: High G+C Gram-positive filamentous bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinomycetota (Actinobacteria).
• Clostridium: Low G+C Gram-positive anaerobic, endospore-forming rod bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes).
• Mycobacterium: Acid-fast, high G+C Gram-positive rod bacteria with mycolic acid cell walls, belonging to the Actinomycetota.
• Nocardia: Gram-positive, weakly acid-fast aerobic filamentous bacteria belonging to the Actinomycetota.

Etiology of mango anthracnose:

• Mango anthracnose is caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (teleomorph Glomerella cingulata).
• It causes leaf spots, blossom blight, wither tip, and black sunken necrotic lesions on developing and harvested mango fruits, leading to heavy pre- and post-harvest losses.

Evaluation of statements on anthracnose:

• Statement (I) is correct: Colletotrichum anthracnose infects leaves, twigs, and young fruit in the field (causing blossom blight and fruit spots) and remains quiescent/latent until ripening, causing massive post-harvest rot during storage, transport, and marketing.
• Statement (II) is incorrect: Anthracnose causes devastating losses post-harvest, so it does not affect only in the field.