The term 'heterosis' was coined by the American geneticist George Harrison Shull in 1914 to replace the older phrase 'heterozygosis'. Heterosis (or hybrid vigour) describes the phenotypic superiority of an $F_1$ hybrid over its genetically distinct, inbred parents in traits such as growth rate, biomass, yield, and environmental resilience.

Correct scientific matching:

• Semiconservative DNA replication was famously proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 alongside their double-helix model -> (IV)
• Reverse transcriptase was independently discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970 in retroviruses (for which they received the Nobel Prize) -> (I)
• CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing was pioneered by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020) -> (II)
• The primary amino acid sequence of bovine insulin was first elucidated by Frederick Sanger in the 1950s (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958) -> (III)