Given below are two statements: Statement (I): Transboundary...

Q.1

ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Plant Sciences (Q.41)

Assertion & Reason +4 −1

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A) : In a breeding program, it is relatively easy to handle the 'major genes' for resistance, but it leads to the boom and bust cycle due to the quick breakdown of resistance in the varieties.

Reason (R) : Polygenic or partial resistance is durable but breeding for this type of resistance is problematic.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं, एक को अभिकथन (A) और दूसरे को कारण (R) के रूप में लेबल किया गया है:

अभिकथन (A) : एक प्रजनन कार्यक्रम में, प्रतिरोध के 'प्रमुख जीनों' (major genes / vertical resistance) को संभालना अपेक्षाकृत आसान होता है, लेकिन यह किस्मों में प्रतिरोध के तेजी से टूटने के कारण 'बूम और बस्ट चक्र' (boom and bust cycle) की ओर ले जाता है।

कारण (R) : बहुजीनी या आंशिक प्रतिरोध (polygenic or partial resistance / horizontal resistance) टिकाऊ होता है लेकिन इस प्रकार के प्रतिरोध के लिए प्रजनन करना समस्याग्रस्त/जटिल होता है।

उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं और (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या है Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A) (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं लेकिन (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या नहीं है (A) is true but (R) is false (A) सत्य है लेकिन (R) असत्य है (A) is false but (R) is true (A) असत्य है लेकिन (R) सत्य है

Vertical vs. Horizontal Resistance in Plant Breeding:

Assertion (A) is TRUE: Major gene (vertical / race-specific) resistance is governed by one or few oligogenes following simple Mendelian inheritance, making it easy to select in early segregating generations. However, widespread cultivation of varieties carrying a single major gene exerts intense selection pressure on the pathogen population, leading to the emergence of virulent virulent pathogen races that rapidly overcome the resistance (the boom-and-bust cycle).
Reason (R) is TRUE: Horizontal (polygenic / partial / race-non-specific) resistance is controlled by multiple minor genes (QTLs) and is durable over long evolutionary periods because pathogens cannot overcome it through single mutations. However, breeding for partial resistance is laborious and difficult because each gene confers a small effect, is subject to environmental variation, and requires complex quantitative evaluation.
Both statements are scientifically accurate, but Reason (R) explains the nature of horizontal resistance, not why major genes cause the boom-and-bust cycle (which is caused by directional selection of virulent pathogen races).

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A). Correct Answer: Option 2.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Vertical vs. Horizontal Resistance in Plant Breeding (पादप रोग प्रतिरोध प्रजनन - Van der Plank, 1963):

Assertion (A) is TRUE: Major gene (vertical / race-specific) resistance is governed by one or few oligogenes following simple Mendelian inheritance, making it easy to select in early segregating generations. However, widespread cultivation of varieties carrying a single major gene exerts intense selection pressure on the pathogen population, leading to the emergence of virulent virulent pathogen races that rapidly overcome the resistance (the boom-and-bust cycle).
Reason (R) is TRUE: Horizontal (polygenic / partial / race-non-specific) resistance is controlled by multiple minor genes (QTLs) and is durable over long evolutionary periods because pathogens cannot overcome it through single mutations. However, breeding for partial resistance is laborious and difficult because each gene confers a small effect, is subject to environmental variation, and requires complex quantitative evaluation.
Both statements are scientifically accurate, but Reason (R) explains the nature of horizontal resistance, not why major genes cause the boom-and-bust cycle (which is caused by directional selection of virulent pathogen races).

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A). Correct Answer: Option 2.

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Q.2

ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper (Q.30)

Match the Following +4 −1

Match List-I with List-II :

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

सूची-I को सूची-II के साथ सुमेलित कीजिए :

नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर का चयन कीजिए :

List - I सूची - I Person / product व्यक्ति / उत्पाद		List - II सूची - II Description विवरण
A	Louise Brown लुईस ब्राउन (Louise Brown)	I	First Transgenic tomato प्रथम ट्रांसजेनिक टमाटर
B	Lulu & Nana लुलु और नाना (Lulu & Nana)	II	First IVF human baby प्रथम आईवीएफ (IVF) मानव शिशु
C	Dolly डॉली (Dolly)	III	First mammal cloned प्रथम क्लोन किया गया स्तनपायी
D	Flavr-Savr फ्लेवर-सेवर (Flavr-Savr)	IV	First Genome-edited human baby प्रथम जीनोम-संपादित मानव शिशु

(A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) (A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III) (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I) (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Louise Brown: Born in England on July 25, 1978, she was the world's first human baby born through in vitro fertilization (IVF) developed by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards -> (A) - (II).
Lulu and Nana: Twin girls born in China in 2018 who became the world's first genome-edited human babies via CRISPR-Cas9 editing of the CCR5 gene by He Jiankui -> (B) - (IV).
Dolly the Sheep: Cloned in 1996 by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute, Scotland; the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell (mammary gland cell) via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -> (C) - (III).
Flavr-Savr: Developed by Calgene and approved by US FDA in 1994, it was the world's first commercially grown genetically engineered (transgenic) crop food (delayed-softening tomato engineered via antisense RNA against polygalacturonase) -> (D) - (I).
Thus, the correct matching sequence is (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I) (Option 3).

लुईस ब्राउन (Louise Brown): 1978 में इंग्लैंड में जन्मी विश्व की प्रथम परखनली शिशु (First IVF human baby) थीं, जिसे रॉबर्ट एडवर्ड्स और पैट्रिक स्टेप्टो ने विकसित किया था -> (A) - (II)।
लुलु और नाना (Lulu & Nana): 2018 में चीन में जन्मी जुड़वाँ बहनें जो हे जियानकुई द्वारा CRISPR-Cas9 से CCR5 जीन संपादन द्वारा विकसित विश्व की पहली जीनोम-संपादित मानव संतानें बनीं -> (B) - (IV)।
डॉली भेड़ (Dolly): 1996 में रोजलिन इंस्टीट्यूट में इयान विल्मुट द्वारा कायिक कोशिका नाभिकीय स्थानांतरण (SCNT) से क्लोन किया गया विश्व का पहला स्तनपायी क्लोन था -> (C) - (III)।
फ्लेवर-सेवर (Flavr-Savr): कैल्जीन कंपनी द्वारा 1994 में जारी प्रथम व्यावसायिक ट्रांसजेनिक टमाटर था, जिसमें एंटीसेंस तकनीक द्वारा पॉलीगैलेक्ट्यूरोनेज को रोककर फल के पकने को धीमा किया गया था -> (D) - (I)।
अतः सही सुमेलन (A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I) (विकल्प 3) है।

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Q.3

ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper (Q.58)

MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

Given below are two statements

Statement (I) : RNA is the only genetic element in plant viruses.

Statement (II) : RNA viruses are known to cause crop losses.

In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं

कथन (I) : RNA पादप विषाणुओं में एकमात्र आनुवंशिक तत्व है।

कथन (II) : RNA विषाणु फसलों के नुकसान का कारण बनने के लिए जाने जाते हैं।

उपर्युक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सबसे उपयुक्त उत्तर चुनें:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct. कथन (I) और कथन (II) दोनों सही हैं। Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect. कथन (I) और कथन (II) दोनों गलत हैं। Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect. कथन (I) सही है लेकिन कथन (II) गलत है। Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct. कथन (I) गलत है लेकिन कथन (II) सही है।

Statement (I) is incorrect: While the vast majority (~75-80%) of plant viruses possess RNA genomes (ssRNA or dsRNA), RNA is NOT the only genetic material. Important plant viruses have DNA genomes: for example, Caulimoviruses have double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), while Geminiviruses (e.g., Tomato yellow leaf curl virus) and Nanoviruses (e.g., Banana bunchy top virus) have single-stranded circular DNA (ssDNA).
Statement (II) is correct: RNA plant viruses are among the most destructive plant pathogens globally, causing enormous crop yield losses in staples and vegetables (e.g., Tobacco mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Cucumber mosaic virus, Rice tungro virus).

Therefore, Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.

कथन (I) गलत है: यद्यपि अधिकांश (~80%) पादप विषाणुओं में RNA जीनोम होता है, किंतु RNA एकमात्र आनुवंशिक तत्व नहीं है। कई महत्वपूर्ण पादप विषाणुओं में DNA होता है, जैसे कौलीमोवायरस (Caulimovirus) में dsDNA तथा जेमिनीवायरस (Geminivirus) और नैनोवायरस (Nanovirus) में ssDNA पाया जाता है।
कथन (II) सही है: RNA विषाणु (जैसे TMV, PVY, कुकुम्बर मोज़ेक वायरस, धान का टुंग्रो वायरस) फसलों में भारी आर्थिक नुकसान और उपज में भारी गिरावट के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं।

अतः कथन (I) गलत है लेकिन कथन (II) सही है।

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Q.4

ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper (Q.59)

MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

Given below are two statements

Statement (I) : Transboundary pathogen triggered plant disease epidemics is responsible for famine in Europe in 19th century.

Statement (II) : Invasive pathogens are highly aggressive.

In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं

कथन (I) : सीमा-पार रोगजनक द्वारा प्रेरित पादप रोग महामारी 19वीं सदी में यूरोप में अकाल के लिए जिम्मेदार है।

कथन (II) : आक्रामक रोगजनक (Invasive pathogens) अत्यधिक आक्रामक (Highly aggressive) होते हैं।

Statement (I) is correct: The Great Irish Potato Famine of 1845-1849 was triggered by the introduction of the transboundary oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans (late blight of potato) into Europe from the Americas, leading to widespread crop failure, mass starvation, and emigration.
Statement (II) is correct: Invasive alien pathogens introduced into naive ecosystems are exceptionally aggressive because the local host plant populations lack co-evolved evolutionary resistance genes and natural antagonistic biological control agents.

Therefore, both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.

कथन (I) सही है: 19वीं शताब्दी (1845) में यूरोप का भयानक आयरिश आलू अकाल (Irish Potato Famine) अमेरिका से यूरोप पहुँचे सीमा-पार रोगजनक फाइटोफ्थोरा इन्फेस्टेन्स (Phytophthora infestans) के कारण उत्पन्न हुआ था।
कथन (II) सही है: नए वातावरण और naive फसलों में प्रवेश करने वाले आक्रामक विदेशी रोगजनक (Invasive pathogens) अत्यधिक आक्रामक (Aggressive) होते हैं क्योंकि स्थानीय पौधों में उनके प्रति प्राकृतिक प्रतिरोधक क्षमता और प्राकृतिक शत्रु नहीं होते हैं।

अतः कथन (I) और कथन (II) दोनों सही हैं।

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Q.5

ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Science 14 July 2023 Shift-1 Paper (Q.13)

MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

If the values of phenotypic and environmental variances are $6.8$ and $1.2$, respectively, the heritability (broad sense) of the trait would be:

यदि लक्षणप्ररूपी और पर्यावरणीय प्रसरण का मान क्रमशः $6.8$ और $1.2$ है, तो लक्षण की विस्तृत-अर्थ वंशागतित्व क्या होगी?

$8.23\%$ $8.23\%$ $82.3\%$ $82.3\%$ $823\%$ $823\%$ $0.823\%$ $0.823\%$

General Agriculture, Crop Production & Soils

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