विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Classification of Aneuploids (असुगुणिता का वर्गीकरण):

• Aneuploidy involves the loss or addition of one or more individual chromosomes from the normal complement ($2n$):

• Hyperploidy (हाइपरप्लॉइडी / अधिगुणिता): When one or more chromosomes are added / overrepresented:
  • Trisomic: $2n + 1$

• Double Trisomic: $2n + 1 + 1$
• Tetrasomic: $2n + 2$

• Hypoploidy (हाइपोप्लॉइडी / अल्पगुणिता): When one or more chromosomes are lost / underrepresented:
  • Monosomic: $2n - 1$

• Nullisomic: $2n - 2$
• Polyploidy: Numerical change involving complete sets of chromosomes ($3n, 4n, 6n$).
• Alloploid: Polyploid containing genomes derived from two or more distinct species.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Aneuploid Genomic Formulas (असुगुणिता के जीनोमिक सूत्र):

• Nullisomic-Monosomic: Loss of a pair of homologous chromosomes ($2n-2$) together with loss of one other non-homologous chromosome ($-1$), denoted by formula $(2n - 2) - (2n - 1)$ / $2n - 2 - 1$ $\rightarrow$ (III).
• Double Monosomic: Loss of two separate, non-homologous single chromosomes, denoted as $2n - 1 - 1$ $\rightarrow$ (IV).
• Monosomic-Trisomic: Loss of one chromosome and addition of another non-homologous chromosome, denoted as $(2n - 1) - (2n + 1)$ / $2n - 1 + 1$ $\rightarrow$ (II).
• Trisomic-Monosomic: Gain of one chromosome and loss of another, denoted as $(2n + 1) - (2n - 1)$ $\rightarrow$ (I).

Matching sequence: (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I).
Correct Answer: Option 2.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Haploid vs. Monoploid (अगुणित बनाम एकगुणी):

• Haploid ($n$): An individual organism or sporophyte carrying exactly the gametic chromosome number ($n$) of its species.
• For a diploid species ($2n = 2x$), the haploid ($n$) equals the monoploid ($x$). However, for polyploid species (such as hexaploid bread wheat, $2n = 6x = 42$), the haploid ($n = 21$) contains three basic genomes ($3x$), whereas a monoploid ($x$) contains only a single basic genome ($x = 7$).
• Therefore, the universal cytogenetic term specifically defined as possessing the 'gametic chromosome set' is Haploid.

Correct Answer: Option 3 (Haploid).