The formula: [Sum of (Observed - Expected)² / Expected] is also known as / सूत्र: [ ((Observed - Expected)²/Expected)] को किस रूप में भी जाना जाता है?

Chi-square statistic / काई-वर्ग सांख्यिकी (Chi-square statistic)

सामान्य कृषि एवं सांख्यिकी Practice Questions (Q111-115) - Plant Sciences

111

ICAR PG Plant Sciences 29 Jun 2024Shift 1

MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

The formula: $[\text{Sum of } (Observed - Expected)^2 / Expected]$ is also known as

सूत्र: $[\sum \frac{(Observed - Expected)^2}{Expected}]$ को किस रूप में भी जाना जाता है?

F-test statistic F-परीक्षण सांख्यिकी Chi-square statistic काई-वर्ग सांख्यिकी T-test statistic T-परीक्षण सांख्यिकी Variance statistic प्रसरण सांख्यिकी

112

ICAR PG Plant Sciences 29 Jun 2024Shift 1

Assertion & Reason +4 −1

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A) : In field experiments, the word 'replication' means doing something again in exactly the same way or repeating the treatments.

Reason (R) : The $F_2$ seeds cannot be replicated in the field experiment as the genotype of each seed in an $F_2$ generation is not the same and hence can't be repeated.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

नीचे दो कथन दिए गए हैं, एक को अभिकथन (A) और दूसरे को कारण (R) के रूप में लेबल किया गया है:

अभिकथन (A) : क्षेत्रीय प्रयोगों (field experiments) में, 'पुनरावृत्ति' (replication) शब्द का अर्थ है किसी कार्य को बिल्कुल उसी तरीके से दोबारा करना या उपचारों को दोहराना।

कारण (R) : $F_2$ बीजों को क्षेत्रीय प्रयोग में दोहराया (replicate) नहीं जा सकता क्योंकि $F_2$ पीढ़ी में प्रत्येक बीज का जीनोटाइप समान नहीं होता है और इसलिए इसे दोहराया नहीं जा सकता है।

उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं और (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या है Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A) (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं लेकिन (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या नहीं है (A) is true but (R) is false (A) सत्य है लेकिन (R) असत्य है (A) is false but (R) is true (A) असत्य है लेकिन (R) सत्य है

Principles of Replication in Field Experimentation:

Assertion (A) is TRUE: In statistical experimental design (R.A. Fisher), 'replication' means applying each treatment to multiple independent experimental plots under identical conditions to provide an estimate of experimental error and increase precision.
Reason (R) is TRUE: Individual $F_2$ plants from a hybrid cross are segregate for multiple loci; each single $F_2$ seed represents an entirely unique, non-identical recombinant genotype. True clonal/genotypic replication cannot be performed on individual $F_2$ seeds (unlike homozygous inbreds or clonal lines).
However, Reason (R) does not explain the foundational statistical definition of replication given in Assertion (A).

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A). Correct Answer: Option 2.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Principles of Replication in Field Experimentation (क्षेत्रीय प्रयोगों में पुनरावृत्ति सिद्धांत):

Assertion (A) is TRUE: In statistical experimental design (R.A. Fisher), 'replication' means applying each treatment to multiple independent experimental plots under identical conditions to provide an estimate of experimental error and increase precision.
Reason (R) is TRUE: Individual $F_2$ plants from a hybrid cross are segregate for multiple loci; each single $F_2$ seed represents an entirely unique, non-identical recombinant genotype. True clonal/genotypic replication cannot be performed on individual $F_2$ seeds (unlike homozygous inbreds or clonal lines).
However, Reason (R) does not explain the foundational statistical definition of replication given in Assertion (A).

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A). Correct Answer: Option 2.

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report

113

ICAR PG Plant Sciences 29 Jun 2024Shift 1

Assertion & Reason +4 −1

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A) : Viruses are molecular parasites.

Reason (R) : Viruses depend on host for their basic functions like replication.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

अभिकथन (A) : विषाणु (viruses) आण्विक परजीवी (molecular parasites) हैं।

कारण (R) : विषाणु अपने बुनियादी कार्यों जैसे प्रतिकृति (replication) के लिए पोषक (host) पर निर्भर करते हैं।

उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Nature of Viruses as Molecular Parasites:

Assertion (A) is TRUE: Viruses are non-cellular sub-microscopic entities comprising only genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They are referred to as 'molecular parasites' because they possess genetic information but lack an independent metabolic machinery.
Reason (R) is TRUE and correctly explains (A): Viruses lack ribosomes, ATP-generating enzymes, transfer RNAs, and metabolic substrates. Consequently, they are obligate intracellular parasites that completely hijack the host cell's molecular machinery (ribosomes, polymerases, amino acids, and energy) to synthesize viral proteins and replicate viral genomes.

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Correct Answer: Option 1.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Nature of Viruses as Molecular Parasites (विषाणु: आण्विक परजीवी):

Assertion (A) is TRUE: Viruses are non-cellular sub-microscopic entities comprising only genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They are referred to as 'molecular parasites' because they possess genetic information but lack an independent metabolic machinery.
Reason (R) is TRUE and correctly explains (A): Viruses lack ribosomes, ATP-generating enzymes, transfer RNAs, and metabolic substrates. Consequently, they are obligate intracellular parasites that completely hijack the host cell's molecular machinery (ribosomes, polymerases, amino acids, and energy) to synthesize viral proteins and replicate viral genomes.

Therefore, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Correct Answer: Option 1.

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report

114

ICAR PG Plant Sciences 29 Jun 2024Shift 1

Assertion & Reason +4 −1

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R):

Assertion (A) : During DNA replication, the lagging strand is replicated in short pieces.

Reason (R) : DNA polymerase can synthesize the DNA only in one direction i.e. 5' to 3'.

In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

अभिकथन (A) : डीएनए प्रतिकृति (DNA replication) के दौरान, पश्चगामी रज्जुक (lagging strand) छोटे टुकड़ों में प्रतिकृत होता है।

कारण (R) : डीएनए पोलीमरेज़ केवल एक ही दिशा में यानी 5' से 3' दिशा में डीएनए का संश्लेषण कर सकता है।

उपरोक्त कथनों के आलोक में, नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:

Mechanism of DNA Replication on Lagging Strand:

Assertion (A) is TRUE: During semiconservative DNA replication at the replication fork, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously as short segments known as Okazaki fragments (1,000–2,000 nucleotides in prokaryotes, 100–200 nucleotides in eukaryotes).
Reason (R) is TRUE: All known DNA polymerases possess strict catalytic polarity: they can only add free deoxyribonucleotides to an existing 3'-OH group, thus extending growing DNA chains exclusively in the 5' $\rightarrow$ 3' direction.
Official Answer Key Note: In the official NTA answer key, this question is keyed as Option 2 (Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)), emphasizing that the antiparallel orientation of parental DNA strands combined with unidirectional fork progression is additionally required to necessitate lagging strand discontinuity.

Correct Answer: Option 2.

विस्तृत व्याख्या:

Mechanism of DNA Replication on Lagging Strand (डीएनए प्रतिकृति एवं ओकाज़ाकी खंड):

Assertion (A) is TRUE: During semiconservative DNA replication at the replication fork, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously as short segments known as Okazaki fragments (1,000–2,000 nucleotides in prokaryotes, 100–200 nucleotides in eukaryotes).
Reason (R) is TRUE: All known DNA polymerases possess strict catalytic polarity: they can only add free deoxyribonucleotides to an existing 3'-OH group, thus extending growing DNA chains exclusively in the 5' $\rightarrow$ 3' direction.
Official Answer Key Note: In the official NTA answer key, this question is keyed as Option 2 (Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)), emphasizing that the antiparallel orientation of parental DNA strands combined with unidirectional fork progression is additionally required to necessitate lagging strand discontinuity.

Correct Answer: Option 2.

Explanation not matching this question? क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही? Report

115

ICAR PG Plant Sciences 09 Jul 2023Shift 1

MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

In a field experiment conducted under RBD, the number of replications and the treatments should be adjusted in such a way that the error degree of freedom (d.f.) becomes :

(A) < 12

(B) At least 12

(C) 12 or more

(D) n - 12

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

RBD (यादृच्छिक ब्लॉक डिजाइन) के तहत आयोजित एक क्षेत्रीय प्रयोग में, प्रतिकृतियों (Replications) और उपचारों (Treatments) की संख्या को इस प्रकार समायोजित किया जाना चाहिए कि त्रुटि स्वतंत्रता की कोटि (Error d.f.) हो जाए :

(A) < 12

(B) कम से कम 12

(C) 12 या अधिक

(D) n - 12

नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर का चयन कीजिए :

(A), (B) and (D) only केवल (A), (B) और (D) (B) and (C) only केवल (B) और (C) (C) and (D) (C) और (D) (B), (C) and (D) only केवल (B), (C) और (D)

In agricultural field experiments laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD), the error degrees of freedom are given by $(t - 1)(r - 1)$, where $t$ is the number of treatments and $r$ is the number of replications.
By statistical convention and agricultural research guidelines established by R.A. Fisher, the error degrees of freedom must be at least 12 (12 or more).
If the error d.f. falls below 12, the critical $F$-value and $t$-value increase sharply, reducing the power and sensitivity of the ANOVA test to detect genuine treatment differences.
Therefore, statements (B) At least 12 and (C) 12 or more correctly describe this essential experimental requirement.
Hence, Option 2 is the correct answer.

यादृच्छिक ब्लॉक डिजाइन (RBD) में त्रुटि स्वतंत्रता की कोटि (Error degrees of freedom) का सूत्र $(t - 1)(r - 1)$ होता है, जहाँ $t$ उपचारों की संख्या तथा $r$ प्रतिकृतियों की संख्या है।
आर.ए. फिशर तथा कृषि सांख्यिकी के मानक नियमों के अनुसार, किसी भी मान्य क्षेत्रीय प्रयोग में त्रुटि d.f. का मान कम से कम 12 (12 या उससे अधिक) होना अनिवार्य है।
यदि त्रुटि d.f. 12 से कम होती है, तो प्रायोगिक त्रुटि का सटीक अनुमान नहीं लग पाता और उपचारों के बीच वास्तविक अंतर का पता लगाने की परीक्षण क्षमता क्षीण हो जाती है।
अतः कथन (B) कम से कम 12 तथा (C) 12 या अधिक दोनों इस अनिवार्यता को सही रूप से व्यक्त करते हैं।
अतः सही उत्तर केवल (B) और (C) (विकल्प 2) है।