Phytochemicals and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Crops:
Erucic acid: A monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid ($22:1$) prevalent in rapeseed-mustard (Brassica spp.), associated with myocardial lipidosis at high levels; bred down to $\lt 2\%$ in 'Canola' / single-zero varieties $\rightarrow$ (III). Brassica spp.
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI): A major heat-labile antinutritional protein found in soybean (Glycine max) that impairs pancreatic trypsin activity and protein digestion $\rightarrow$ (I). Glycine max.
BOAA ($\beta$-N-Oxalyl-L-$\alpha,\beta$-diaminopropionic acid / ODAP): A neurotoxin present in grass pea / khesari (Lathyrus sativus) that causes neurolathyrism (spastic paraparesis of lower limbs) upon prolonged consumption $\rightarrow$ (IV). Lathyrus sativus.
Phytic acid (Inositol hexakisphosphate): Primary phosphorus storage compound in maize (Zea mays) seeds that chelates minerals like iron and zinc, reducing bioavailability $\rightarrow$ (II). Zea mays.
Phytochemicals and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Crops (पादप रसायन एवं स्रोत फसलें):
Erucic acid: A monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid ($22:1$) prevalent in rapeseed-mustard (Brassica spp.), associated with myocardial lipidosis at high levels; bred down to $\lt 2\%$ in 'Canola' / single-zero varieties $\rightarrow$ (III). Brassica spp.
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI): A major heat-labile antinutritional protein found in soybean (Glycine max) that impairs pancreatic trypsin activity and protein digestion $\rightarrow$ (I). Glycine max.
BOAA ($\beta$-N-Oxalyl-L-$\alpha,\beta$-diaminopropionic acid / ODAP): A neurotoxin present in grass pea / khesari (Lathyrus sativus) that causes neurolathyrism (spastic paraparesis of lower limbs) upon prolonged consumption $\rightarrow$ (IV). Lathyrus sativus.
Phytic acid (Inositol hexakisphosphate): Primary phosphorus storage compound in maize (Zea mays) seeds that chelates minerals like iron and zinc, reducing bioavailability $\rightarrow$ (II). Zea mays.
Following are the activities in the development and release of a crop variety. Arrange the activities in chronological order i.e. from start to the last:
(A)Evaluation of the collected genotypes and selection of parental genotypes.
(B)Collection of diverse genotypes of the target crop.
(C)Pair-wise cross-hybridization of the parental genotypes followed by evaluation and selection of the superior recombinants.
(D)Testing, release, and commercializing the new variety.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
फसल किस्म के विकास और विमोचन (release) में निम्नलिखित गतिविधियाँ शामिल हैं। इन गतिविधियों को आरंभ से अंत तक कालानुक्रमिक क्रम में व्यवस्थित कीजिए:
(A)एकत्रित जीनोटाइपों का मूल्यांकन और जनक जीनोटाइपों का चयन।
(B)लक्षित फसल के विविध जीनोटाइपों का संकलन/संग्रहण।
(C)जनक जीनोटाइपों का युग्म-वार संकरण (cross-hybridization) और उसके बाद श्रेष्ठ पुनर्संयोजकों का मूल्यांकन एवं चयन।
Step 1 (B) - Collection of diverse germplasm: Assembling genetic variability (germplasm collection from wild relatives, landraces, and existing cultivars).
Step 2 (A) - Evaluation and parental selection: Screening and evaluating collected accessions under target biotic/abiotic stress conditions to select elite parental lines.
Step 3 (C) - Hybridization and selection: Performing planned cross-hybridization among selected parents, followed by pedigree/bulk selection across segregating generations ($F_2$ to $F_6$) to isolate superior homozygous recombinant lines.
Step 4 (D) - Multi-location testing, release, and notification: Conducting multi-location station and AICRP trials, submission to the Central/State Variety Release Committee (CVRC/SVRC), notification, seed multiplication, and commercialization.
Therefore, the correct chronological sequence is (B), (A), (C), (D).
Correct Answer: Option 2.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Sequential Steps in Crop Variety Development (पादप प्रजनन एवं किस्म विकास के चरण):
Step 1 (B) - Collection of diverse germplasm: Assembling genetic variability (germplasm collection from wild relatives, landraces, and existing cultivars).
Step 2 (A) - Evaluation and parental selection: Screening and evaluating collected accessions under target biotic/abiotic stress conditions to select elite parental lines.
Step 3 (C) - Hybridization and selection: Performing planned cross-hybridization among selected parents, followed by pedigree/bulk selection across segregating generations ($F_2$ to $F_6$) to isolate superior homozygous recombinant lines.
Step 4 (D) - Multi-location testing, release, and notification: Conducting multi-location station and AICRP trials, submission to the Central/State Variety Release Committee (CVRC/SVRC), notification, seed multiplication, and commercialization.
Therefore, the correct chronological sequence is (B), (A), (C), (D).
Correct Answer: Option 2.
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
Fertilization is an important event in angiosperm, which involves several critical activities. Below are a few major steps of fertilization in plants. Arrange them from the beginning to the last, systematically:
(A)Pollen germination.
(B)Anthesis followed by pollination.
(C)Fertilization.
(D)Penetration of the ovule.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
आवृतबीजी (angiosperms) में निषेचन एक महत्वपूर्ण घटना है, जिसमें कई महत्वपूर्ण गतिविधियाँ शामिल हैं। नीचे पौधों में निषेचन के कुछ प्रमुख चरण दिए गए हैं। उन्हें आरंभ से अंत तक व्यवस्थित कीजिए:
(A)परागकण का अंकुरण (Pollen germination)
(B)प्रस्फुटन (Anthesis) और उसके बाद परागण (Pollination)
Sequence of Reproductive Events Leading to Fertilization:
Anthesis followed by pollination: Floral opening (anthesis) allows anther dehiscence and transfer of mature pollen grains onto the receptive stigma (pollination).
Pollen germination: The pollen grain absorbs moisture and nutrients on the stigmatic surface, germinating to form a pollen tube.
Penetration of the ovule: The elongated pollen tube grows down the style, enters the ovary, and penetrates the ovule (commonly through the micropyle - porogamy) into the embryo sac.
Fertilization: Syngamy occurs (one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid zygote, and the other fuses with the central polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm - double fertilization).
Correct chronological order: (B), (A), (D), (C). Correct Answer: Option 3.
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Sequence of Reproductive Events Leading to Fertilization (पादप निषेचन के चरण):
Anthesis followed by pollination: Floral opening (anthesis) allows anther dehiscence and transfer of mature pollen grains onto the receptive stigma (pollination).
Pollen germination: The pollen grain absorbs moisture and nutrients on the stigmatic surface, germinating to form a pollen tube.
Penetration of the ovule: The elongated pollen tube grows down the style, enters the ovary, and penetrates the ovule (commonly through the micropyle - porogamy) into the embryo sac.
Fertilization: Syngamy occurs (one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid zygote, and the other fuses with the central polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm - double fertilization).
Correct chronological order: (B), (A), (D), (C). Correct Answer: Option 3.
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (now Rhizobium radiobacter) is a soil bacterium known as 'nature's genetic engineer'.
It transfers a specific segment of DNA (the T-DNA from its Ti plasmid) into the plant nuclear genome.
The T-DNA genes encode enzymes for the biosynthesis of phytohormones (auxins and cytokinins) and opines.
The unregulated overproduction of auxin and cytokinin in transformed plant cells triggers uncontrolled, abnormal cell division (hyperplasia) and cell enlargement (hypertrophy), leading to the formation of tumors or crown galls (unlimited proliferation).
Correct Answer: Option 1 (Agrobacterium).
विस्तृत व्याख्या:
Crown Gall Disease and Cellular Proliferation (क्राउन गॉल रोग - एग्रोबैक्टीरियम):
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (now Rhizobium radiobacter) is a soil bacterium known as 'nature's genetic engineer'.
It transfers a specific segment of DNA (the T-DNA from its Ti plasmid) into the plant nuclear genome.
The T-DNA genes encode enzymes for the biosynthesis of phytohormones (auxins and cytokinins) and opines.
The unregulated overproduction of auxin and cytokinin in transformed plant cells triggers uncontrolled, abnormal cell division (hyperplasia) and cell enlargement (hypertrophy), leading to the formation of tumors or crown galls (unlimited proliferation).
Correct Answer: Option 1 (Agrobacterium).
Explanation not matching this question?क्या व्याख्या इस प्रश्न से मेल नहीं खा रही?Report
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