Memory architectures:
DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) stores each bit of data in a memory cell composed of a single transistor and a tiny capacitor. Because capacitors slowly leak charge, DRAM requires periodic refreshing thousands of times per second.
SRAM (Static RAM) uses bistable flip-flops (typically 4 or 6 transistors) rather than capacitors, requiring no periodic refresh.
PRAM (Phase-change RAM) uses chalcogenide glass phase change to store data.

In computer science and data processing:
Data Validation refers to the automated checking operation performed on input data to ensure that it satisfies defined rules, ranges, formats, and integrity constraints before being accepted for processing.
Verification typically refers to ensuring data matches source documents (often involving double entry).

Analysis of word processing and GUI operations:

• Incorrect: Clip art refers to pre-made graphic images and illustrations that can be inserted into documents.
• Correct: In graphical user interfaces and word processing software, dragging the mouse cursor across characters shades the text background to select or mark it, an action commonly described as highlighting (or text selection).
• Incorrect: 'Fetch' is a CPU machine cycle operation retrieving instructions from memory.
• Incorrect: 'Decode' is a CPU operation interpreting binary machine instructions.

Analysis of common computer file extensions:

• Incorrect: Compressed archives typically use extensions like .ZIP, .RAR, .7Z, or .TAR.GZ.
• Correct: The .BAT file extension stands for a 'batch file', which is a plain text executable system script containing a series of sequential commands interpreted and executed line-by-line by the command-line interpreter (cmd.exe / COMMAND.COM) in DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems.
• Incorrect: Common audio file formats include .MP3, .WAV, and .AAC.
• Incorrect: Backup files typically carry extensions like .BAK or .BKF.