Computer Applications & Bioinformatics

Database conceptual modeling concepts:

• Relation set refers to a collection of related tuples in a relational schema.
• Tuples represent individual rows or records in a relation.
• In ER modeling, an Entity set is formally defined as a collection of entities of the same type that share the same attributes (e.g., all employees in a company form the Employee entity set).
• Entity Relationship model is the overarching architectural framework.

In point estimation theory:
The Bias of an estimator $T = \hat{\theta}$ for estimating a parameter $\theta$ is formally defined as:

If $E(T) = \theta$, then $\text{Bias}(T) = 0$ and the estimator is said to be unbiased.
Standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of an estimator.
Sampling error is the difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter value due to random chance.

Analysis of bioinformatics resources:

• Correct: BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is the premier algorithm and software tool used to compare primary biological sequence information (nucleotides or amino acids) via local sequence alignment.
• Incorrect: PRINTS is a diagnostic database of protein fingerprints, not an alignment algorithm.
• Incorrect: PROSITE is a database of protein domains, families, and functional sites.
• Incorrect: PIR (Protein Information Resource) is a public protein sequence database.

Bioinformatics model organism repositories:

• Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) is the dedicated database for laboratory mouse (Mus musculus).
• EcoCyc is the dedicated database for Escherichia coli.
• MAtDB (MIPS Arabidopsis thaliana DataBase) is a comprehensive genomic database specifically developed by MIPS for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
• Ensembl, HGNC, and OMIM are human genomic databases.