Computer Applications & Bioinformatics

Student's t-distribution is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution centered at 0.

For a two-tailed test of significance, the magnitude of the test statistic $|t|$ determines statistical significance and the p-value.
Since $|-5| = |+5| = 5$, both values lie at the exact same distance into the rejection region in opposite tails, yielding identical two-tailed p-values.

Computer architecture and execution principles:

• language is a high-level language that must be compiled into machine code.
• Assembly language uses mnemonics that must be converted by an assembler.
• Computer central processing units (CPUs) operate electronically via logic gates and natively execute instructions encoded in Binary Language (machine code comprising strings of $0$s and $1$s).
• BASIC is an interpreted/compiled high-level educational language.

Memory architectures:
DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) stores each bit of data in a memory cell composed of a single transistor and a tiny capacitor. Because capacitors slowly leak charge, DRAM requires periodic refreshing thousands of times per second.
SRAM (Static RAM) uses bistable flip-flops (typically 4 or 6 transistors) rather than capacitors, requiring no periodic refresh.
PRAM (Phase-change RAM) uses chalcogenide glass phase change to store data.