ICAR AIEEA PG Veterinary Science 14 July 2023 Shift-1 Paper

Therapeutic action of vinegar ($5\%$ acetic acid) in ruminant urea/ammonia toxicosis:

• Lowers ruminal pH: Vinegar contains acetic acid, which neutralizes the alkaline rumen environment and lowers ruminal pH ($\lt 7.0$) -> (B) is true.
• Traps ammonia and reduces free ammonia absorption: Lower pH shifts chemical equilibrium from unionized lipid-soluble ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$) to charged ammonium ion ($\text{NH}_4^+$), which is not readily absorbed into the bloodstream, thereby drastically reducing ruminal free ammonia production/absorption -> (A) is true.
• Promotes diuresis: Administration of large volume of fluids along with acetic acid supports renal clearance of metabolites -> (C) is true.
• Ruminal pH is reduced, not increased -> (D) is false.
  
  Option analysis:
  Statements (A), (B), and (C) are correct. Therefore, Option 2 is the correct answer.

Clinical signs of Organophosphate (OP) toxicity:

• OPs irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), causing massive accumulation of acetylcholine at muscarinic, nicotinic, and central synapses.
• Muscarinic stimulation produces excessive serous secretions (profuse watery salivation, lacrimation) -> (B) is true, whereas thick frothy saliva is more typical of plant bloat or other syndromes -> (A) is false.
• Pupillary constriction (pin-point pupil or miosis) is a hallmark sign caused by sphincter pupillae stimulation -> (C) is true.
• Central and autonomic dysregulation together with profuse sweating and shock leads to hypothermia -> (D) is true.
  
  Option analysis:
  Statements (B), (C), and (D) are correct, while (A) is not considered a distinctive feature. Thus, Option 4 is correct (Key 4).