R. W. Fogleman in 1963 famously defined toxicology in chemical pharmacology and safety evaluation as: 'The study of the limits of the biological effect of a chemical or mixture of chemicals.'

• Lax Cornelia (1971): Historic Roman law, misattributed year.
• Sun (1968): Renowned for co-toxicity coefficient formulations.
• Fogleman (1963): Originator of this classic, formal toxicological definition.
• Du Bois and Geiling (1959): Authors of Textbook of Toxicology.

Statement 4 is completely incorrect because the Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) was the first insect species in the entire world to develop open-field resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt subsp. kurstaki) sprays in Hawaii, Japan, and Florida.

• Due to selectivity, each strain of Bt is capable of affecting only a specific group of insects: True statement.
• Bt is also considered non-toxic to humans: True statement.
• Bt acts strictly as a stomach poison: True statement; endotoxins must be ingested and cleaved in alkaline midgut.
• Diamondback moth was found highly susceptible to B. thuringinesis kurstaki toxins and never observe to show resistance: Grossly false; DBM famously evolved widespread field resistance to Bt kurstaki.

Semiochemicals (including insect sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, and kairomones) are deployed in integrated pest management across three primary strategies: monitoring population densities and initial flights (biomonitoring), direct removal through high-density lure traps (mass trapping), and saturating the atmosphere to prevent mate finding (mating disruption).

• Biomonitoring: Detecting early pest arrivals and determining economic threshold levels.
• Mass trapping: Deploying dense traps to physically remove significant portions of insect populations.
• Mating disruption: Broadcasting pheromone ropes or microcapsules to prevent males from locating females.
• All of the above: All three constitute major applied uses of semiochemicals in IPM.