ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Agronomy

• IMD issues weather forecasts across four categories:
  Nowcasting: Up to 3 hours
  Short range: Up to 3 days (72 hours)
  Medium range: 3 to 10 days (operationally issued for 5 days in advance for Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa bulletins)
  Long range: Beyond 10 days up to a season
• Hence, 5 days is the standard operational medium-range forecast issued twice a week (Tuesday & Friday).

• Both statements are true: In GIS architecture, the spatial and attribute database is central to all query, analysis, and modeling capabilities (Assertion A). Maps in GIS are dynamic graphic outputs rendered on-the-fly from underlying vector coordinates and raster tables stored in the spatial database (Reason R).
• However, Reason (R) explains the nature of digital map representation rather than being the direct causal justification of why the database concept is central. Hence both are true but R is not the direct causal explanation.

Assertion (A) is true: Operational microwave remote sensing utilizes both active sensors (e.g., Radar, Synthetic Aperture Radar - SAR, scatterometers, altimeters) and passive sensors (e.g., microwave radiometers).

Reason (R) is false: Active microwave sensors emit their own electromagnetic energy pulses toward the target and detect the reflected backscatter. In contrast, it is passive microwave remote sensing that measures the naturally emitted thermal microwave radiation from surfaces based on emissivity and temperature.