ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Community Science

Marvin E. Mundel classified work simplification changes into five hierarchical classes (Mundel's Classes of Change):
Class 1: Changes in hand and body motions (lowest level)
Class 2: Changes in work station, tools, and equipment
Class 3: Changes in production sequence / process
Class 4: Changes in raw materials
Class 5: Changes in the finished product (highest level, involving complete redesign or substitution of the end product).

In systems theory and management cybernetics:
Negative feedback maintains the system within existing parameters (homeostasis/status quo) by suppressing deviations.
Positive feedback amplifies deviation from the baseline and serves as a vital signal indicating that the current system state must be modified, evolved, or redesigned (i.e., a change should be brought about in order to improve and adapt to new demands).

In design principles, Harmony is defined as 'unity in variety' or the pleasing agreement of parts, lines, colors, shapes, and textures combined in an artistic whole. While variety creates visual interest and relieves monotony, unity ties the disparate elements together so that the interior or artwork looks visually coherent and harmonious.