If an autosomal recessive disorder, which shows Hardy-Weinberg...

All Subjects General Agriculture, Crop Production & Soils Cell Biology, Genetics, Physiology, Biochemistry & Plant Protection Genetics, Plant Pathology, Seed Science & Agricultural Microbiology Food & Industrial Microbiology, Rural Development

ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper

MCQ (Single Correct)

Along with J.D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin also contributed significantly towards the development of double helical structure of the DNA. All but Rosalind Franklin were awarded with the Nobel Prize. The reason for not awarding Nobel Prize to Rosalind Franklin was

जे.डी. वाटसन, फ्रांसिस क्रिक और मॉरिस विल्किंस के साथ-साथ रोजालिंड फ्रैंकलिन ने भी DNA की द्विकुंडलिनी संरचना के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया था। रोजालिंड फ्रैंकलिन को छोड़कर अन्य सभी को नोबेल पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था। रोजालिंड फ्रैंकलिन को नोबेल पुरस्कार न दिए जाने का क्या कारण था?

She was too young for the award वह पुरस्कार के लिए बहुत कम उम्र की थीं Her research paper was not published in a high Impact Factor rated journal उनका शोध पत्र उच्च प्रभाव कारक वाली पत्रिका में प्रकाशित नहीं हुआ था Her subject did not have a Nobel Prize at all उनके विषय के लिए नोबेल पुरस्कार का कोई प्रावधान नहीं था She died before the result of the Nobel award for that year was declared उस वर्ष के नोबेल पुरस्कार की घोषणा से पूर्व ही उनका निधन हो गया था

Rosalind Franklin provided the critical X-ray diffraction data (notably 'Photograph 51') that revealed the helical nature, phosphate backbone on the outside, and dimensional parameters of B-DNA.
Franklin passed away tragically from ovarian cancer in April 1958 at the age of 37.
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.
Under the statutes of the Nobel Foundation established in 1974 (and traditionally honored prior), Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously (after a nominee's death).
Therefore, the reason she was not awarded was that she died before the Nobel award was conferred (Option 4).

रोजालिंड फ्रैंकलिन (Rosalind Franklin): ने एक्स-रे विवर्तन फोटोग्राफी (विशेष रूप से 'फोटोग्राफ 51') द्वारा DNA की द्विकुंडलीय प्रकृति, हेलिक्स के व्यास (2 nm) और क्षारक युग्मों के अंतराल का निर्णायक प्रमाण प्रस्तुत किया था।
अप्रैल 1958 में केवल 37 वर्ष की आयु में कैंसर के कारण उनका असामयिक निधन हो गया।
जेम्स वाटसन, फ्रांसिस क्रिक तथा मॉरिस विल्किंस को 1962 में फिजियोलॉजी या मेडिसिन का नोबेल पुरस्कार प्रदान किया गया।
नोबेल फाउंडेशन के नियमों के अनुसार नोबेल पुरस्कार मरणोपरांत (Posthumously) नहीं दिया जाता है।
अतः उन्हें नोबेल पुरस्कार न मिलने का कारण यह था कि पुरस्कार की घोषणा से पूर्व ही उनका निधन हो चुका था (विकल्प 4)।

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ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper

MCQ (Single Correct)

A nonsense mutation involves the creation of a / an

एक नॉनसेंस उत्परिवर्तन (Nonsense mutation) में निम्नलिखित में से किसका निर्माण शामिल होता है?

Regulatory site नियामक स्थल AG splice acceptor site AG स्प्लिस ग्राही स्थल Stop codon विराम प्रकूट Different amino acids विभिन्न अमीनो अम्ल

Point mutations (single base substitutions) are categorized into silent, missense, and nonsense mutations.
nonsense mutation occurs when a single nucleotide substitution alters a sense codon (specifying an amino acid) into a premature termination/stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA).
During translation, the ribosome encounters this premature stop codon and releases the nascent polypeptide, causing truncated, non-functional protein products.
missense mutation changes a codon to specify a different amino acid; a silent mutation leaves the encoded amino acid unchanged.
Hence, a nonsense mutation involves the creation of a Stop codon (Option 3).

एकल क्षारक प्रतिस्थापन उत्परिवर्तनों को साइलेंट, मिस्सेंस तथा नॉनसेंस उत्परिवर्तन में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है।
नॉनसेंस उत्परिवर्तन (Nonsense mutation): तब होता है जब एक क्षारक प्रतिस्थापन के कारण किसी अमीनो अम्ल को कोड करने वाला सामान्य प्रकूट असमय ही विराम प्रकूट (Stop codon: UAA, UAG अथवा UGA) में परिवर्तित हो जाता है।
इसके कारण प्रोटीन संश्लेषण बीच में ही रुक जाता है और अपूर्ण (Truncated) व निष्क्रिय प्रोटीन का निर्माण होता है।
यदि प्रकूट किसी दूसरे अमीनो अम्ल को कोड करने लगे तो उसे मिस्सेंस (Missense) उत्परिवर्तन कहते हैं।
अतः नॉनसेंस उत्परिवर्तन में एक विराम प्रकूट (Stop codon) का निर्माण होता है (विकल्प 3)।

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ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper

MCQ (Single Correct)

If an autosomal recessive disorder, which shows Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, has an incidence of 1 in 6400, then the frequency of a carrier is approximately

यदि हार्डी-वीनबर्ग साम्य प्रदर्शित करने वाले एक ऑटोसोमल अप्रभावी विकार की व्यापकता (Incidence) 6400 में 1 है, तो वाहक (Carrier) की आवृत्ति लगभग कितनी होगी?

1 in 20 20 में 1 1 in 40 40 में 1 1 in 80 80 में 1 1 in 160 160 में 1

Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the genotype frequencies are given by $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, where $p + q = 1$.
The incidence of the autosomal recessive disease represents the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals ($q^2$):
$$q^2 = \frac{1}{6400} \implies q = \sqrt{\frac{1}{6400}} = \frac{1}{80} = 0.0125$$
The dominant allele frequency ($p$) is:
$$p = 1 - q = 1 - \frac{1}{80} = \frac{79}{80} \approx 1$$
The carrier (heterozygote $Aa$) frequency is given by $2pq$:
$$2pq = 2 \times \left(\frac{79}{80}\right) \times \left(\frac{1}{80}\right) \approx 2 \times 1 \times \frac{1}{80} = \frac{2}{80} = \frac{1}{40}$$
Thus, the frequency of carriers in the population is approximately 1 in 40 (Option 2).

हार्डी-वीनबर्ग साम्यावस्था के अनुसार जीनोटाइप आवृत्तियों का समीकरण $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$ होता है, जहाँ $p + q = 1$ है।
ऑटोसोमल अप्रभावी विकार की व्यापकता समयुग्मजी अप्रभावी जीनोटाइप ($q^2$) को दर्शाती है:
$$q^2 = \frac{1}{6400} \implies q = \sqrt{\frac{1}{6400}} = \frac{1}{80}$$
प्रभावी एलील की आवृत्ति ($p$) होगी:
$$p = 1 - q = 1 - \frac{1}{80} = \frac{79}{80} \approx 1$$
विषमयुग्मजी वाहकों ($Aa$) की आवृत्ति $2pq$ द्वारा ज्ञात की जाती है:
$$2pq = 2 \times 1 \times \frac{1}{80} = \frac{2}{80} = \frac{1}{40}$$
अतः जनसंख्या में वाहकों की अनुमानित आवृत्ति 40 में 1 (1 in 40) होगी (विकल्प 2)।

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ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper

MCQ (Single Correct)

The following genotypes are found in a population: AA/35, Aa/25, and aa/10. What are the allele frequencies of A and a ?

एक समष्टि में निम्नलिखित जीनोटाइप पाए जाते हैं: AA = 35, Aa = 25 तथा aa = 10। A और a की एलील आवृत्तियाँ (Allele frequencies) क्या हैं?

A = 0.32, and a = 0.68 A = 0.32 तथा a = 0.68 A = 0.36, and a = 0.63 A = 0.36 तथा a = 0.63 A = 0.68, and a = 0.32 A = 0.68 तथा a = 0.32 A = 0.63, and a = 0.36 A = 0.63 तथा a = 0.36

ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Sciences 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper

MCQ (Single Correct)

If the frequency of males affected with an X-linked recessive allele in human population is 0.10 (1 in 10), what will be the expected frequency of affected females ?

यदि मानव समष्टि में एक X-सहलग्न अप्रभावी एलील (X-linked recessive allele) से प्रभावित पुरुषों की आवृत्ति 0.10 (10 में 1) है, तो प्रभावित महिलाओं की अपेक्षित आवृत्ति क्या होगी?

05 05 01 01 02 02 001 001

In human genetics, human males are hemizygous ($X^r Y$) for X-linked traits because they possess only one X chromosome.
Consequently, the phenotypic frequency of affected males directly equals the frequency of the recessive allele ($q$) in the gene pool:
$$q = \text{Frequency of affected males } (X^r Y) = 0.10$$
Females are diploid for the X chromosome ($X^r X^r$). Under random mating, an affected female requires two copies of the recessive allele, so her expected frequency is $q^2$:
$$\text{Frequency of affected females } (X^r X^r) = q^2 = (0.10)^2 = 0.01$$
Thus, the expected frequency of affected females is 0.01 (Option 2).

मानव में पुरुष विषमयुग्मकी (Hemizygous, $X^r Y$) होते हैं क्योंकि उनके पास केवल एक X गुणसूत्र होता है।
अतः X-सहलग्न अप्रभावी लक्षण से प्रभावित पुरुषों की आवृत्ति सीधे अप्रभावी एलील की आवृत्ति ($q$) के बराबर होती है:
$$q = 0.10$$
महिलाओं में दो X गुणसूत्र ($X^r X^r$) होते हैं। अतः महिला के प्रभावित होने के लिए दोनों X गुणसूत्रों पर अप्रभावी एलील होना आवश्यक है, जिसकी अपेक्षित आवृत्ति $q^2$ होगी:
$$q^2 = (0.10)^2 = 0.01$$
अतः प्रभावित महिलाओं की अपेक्षित आवृत्ति 0.01 होगी (विकल्प 2)।

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If an autosomal recessive disorder, which shows Hardy-Weinberg... | Agrigyan

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