Training & Human Resource Development

• Methods for Assessing Scale Validity:
• Validity Techniques:
• Jury Opinion (Expert Panel): Establishes Content and Face validity by having a panel of expert judges evaluate item relevance and comprehensiveness.
• Known Groups Method: Establishes Criterion and Construct validity by testing whether the scale discriminates significantly between groups known to hold opposing attitudes.
• Goodenough Technique: A scalogram analysis scoring technique developed by Ward H. Goodenough (1944) used to evaluate the reproducibility and scalability of items in Guttman scaling, rather than assessing external scale validity.

Correct option: (3) Goodenough technique

• Controlling Extraneous Variables in Experimental Research:
• In experimental design, extraneous confounding variables that threaten internal validity can be controlled through:

• Eliminating the variable as a variable: Holding the variable constant across all conditions (e.g., selecting only one gender or one soil type).
• Matching subjects: Pairing subjects with identical extraneous characteristics across experimental and control groups.
• Randomization: The most powerful tool for distributing unknown variables equally.
  • Conclusion: Both (1) and (2) are established experimental control approaches, making Option 4 correct.

• Systematic Sampling:
• Systematic Sampling is a probability sampling method where sample units are selected from a comprehensive ordered sampling frame at regular fixed intervals:

• random starting point between $1$ and $k$ is chosen, and every $k$-th case thereafter is systematically drawn until the desired sample size $n$ is reached.
• Distractors: Stratified sampling divides the population into strata; quota sampling is non-random; convenience sampling selects easily accessible units.

Correct option: (2) Systematic sampling

• Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS):
• NVivo (developed by QSR International) and ATLAS.ti are the world's most widely recognized professional qualitative data analysis software packages used for coding, text analysis, thematic mapping, and sentiment tracking across interview transcripts, field notes, and multimedia.
• CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing): A digital survey data collection method (hardware/scripting), not qualitative thematic analysis software.
• Conclusion: Both (1) NVivo and (3) ATLAS.ti are qualitative analysis software, making Option 4 correct.

Correct option: (4) Both (1) and (3)