Standards for milk pasteurization are formulated on the basis of... | Agrigyan

• Detergents in Dairy CIP (Clean-in-Place) Systems:
• Milk soil consists of organic deposits (milk fat, casein, whey proteins) and inorganic mineral salts (milk stone).
• Alkaline Detergents (e.g., sodium hydroxide / caustic soda, sodium carbonate, sodium metasilicate) are the most commonly used primary cleaning agents:
• High pH saponifies fats into soluble soaps.
• Peptizes and dissolves proteinaceous matrices.
• (Acid detergents like nitric or phosphoric acid are used intermittently to dissolve mineral milk stone).
• nalysis:
• (Alkaline): Correct predominant detergent type.

Correct option: (3) Alkaline

• Actin Polypeptide Composition:
• Actin is an abundant, highly conserved eukaryotic myofibrillar contractile protein (molecular weight $\approx 42\text{ kDa}$, 375 amino acid residues).
• Primary sequence analysis shows that small, flexible amino acid residues are highly represented to support globular folding (G-actin) and polymerization into microfilaments (F-actin), with Glycine occurring in exceptionally high concentration (over 28 residues, $\approx 7.5\%$ of total amino acids).
• nalysis:
• (Glycine): Correct.

Correct option: (3) Glycine

• Comparison of Red vs White Muscle Fibers:
• Red Muscle Fibers (Type I / Slow-Twitch):
• High myoglobin content, extensive capillary bed.
• Densely packed with numerous large mitochondria and oxidative enzymes to sustain long-term aerobic endurance without fatigue.
• White Muscle Fibers (Type IIB / Fast-Twitch):
• Low myoglobin, sparse capillaries.
• Fewer mitochondria, relying on anaerobic glycolysis for rapid, high-power bursts; accumulate lactic acid and are easily fatigued.
• nalysis:
• Assertion (A) claims white fibers have higher mitochondria than red fibers (False).
• Reason (R) states white fibers are fast-twitch and easily fatigued (True).
• Hence, Option 4 ((A) is false but (R) is true) is correct.