• Seed Coat Anatomy (Fabaceae): In leguminous seeds, the subepidermal layer of the outer integument (testa) differentiates into a distinct palisade layer of vertically elongated, thick-walled sclereids called palisade cells (also known as Malpighian cells or macrosclereids).
• Function: These lignified, tightly packed cells provide mechanical protection and, together with the cuticle, create a water-impermeable barrier responsible for physical seed coat dormancy (hardseededness).

Correct option: (3) Subepidermal layer