Metagenomics is particularly useful in which of the following ? | Agrigyan

• CRISPR-Cas9 System Components:
• Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9):
• An RNA-guided DNA endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes.
• It binds a single guide RNA (sgRNA), interrogates DNA for a complementary target sequence preceded by a Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM, $5'\text{-NGG-}3'$), unwinds the double helix, and introduces a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) 3 bp upstream of the PAM using its RuvC and HNH nuclease domains.
• nalysis:
• (Cas9): Correct.

Correct option: (1) Cas9

• Phred Quality Score Formula:
• The Phred quality score ($Q$) quantifies base-calling accuracy according to:

where $P$ is the probability that the base call is incorrect.

• For $Q = 20$:

• Phred score of 20 represents an accuracy of $99\%$, corresponding to a likelihood of 1 incorrect base call among 100 bases.
• ($Q=10 \rightarrow 1\text{ in } 10$; $Q=30 \rightarrow 1\text{ in } 1000$; $Q=40 \rightarrow 1\text{ in } 10000$).
• nalysis:
• (1 incorrect base call among 100 bases): Correct.

Correct option: (1) 1 incorrect base call among 100 bases

• Definition and Role of BUSCO:
• BUSCO stands for Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs.
• It is an industry-standard bioinformatics tool used to assess the completeness of de novo genome assemblies, transcriptomes, and annotated gene sets.
• It evaluates the presence, duplication, fragmentation, and absence of sets of near-universally conserved single-copy orthologous genes expected in lineages (e.g., Actinopterygii lineage for bony fishes).
• nalysis:
• (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs): Correct.

Correct option: (1) Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs