Q.1
Veterinary Biotechnology- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024 (Q.114)
MCQ (Single Correct) +4 −1

Identify the correct sequential steps in the process of metastasis.

(A) . Cells grow as a benign tumor
(B) . Cells become invasive and enter capillary
(C) . Cells adhere to blood vessels and escape from the blood vessel to distant locations.
(D) . Colonize to full blown metastasis

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Veterinary Biotechnology विषय एवं अध्याय

विषय एवं पाठ्यक्रम के अनुसार सभी अध्याय देखें

खंड अ: सामान्य कृषि

6 टॉपिक्स
शस्य विज्ञान, जुताई एवं फसल उत्पादन कृषि कीट विज्ञान, सूत्रकृमि विज्ञान एवं फसल सुरक्षा मृदा विज्ञान, पादप पोषण एवं सुधार कोशिका विज्ञान, पादप कार्यिकी एवं जैव रसायन कृषि मौसम विज्ञान एवं जलवायु विज्ञान फसल आनुवंशिकी, पादप प्रजनन एवं आईपीआर

Biomolecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

4 टॉपिक्स
Biophysical Principles of Biomolecular Conformation: Ramachandran Plot & Thermodynamic Stability Nucleic Acid Structures (A/B/Z-DNA, Quadruplexes) & Sequence-Specific Protein-DNA Interactions Protein Folding Dynamics, Chaperones, Allosteric Transitions & Ligand-Binding Kinetics Biophysical Analysis of Biomolecules: Circular Dichroism, X-Ray Crystallography & NMR

Cellular Basis of Animal Physiology

2 टॉपिक्स
Cellular Ultrastructure, Nucleolus, Membrane Transport & Glycocalyx Body Fluid Compartments (ICF vs ECF), Osmolality & Starling Forces

Blood and Circulation

1 टॉपिक्स
Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis (Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow) & Blood Indices

Cell Biology

4 टॉपिक्स
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Regulation: Cyclins, CDKs, Checkpoints (G1/S, G2/M) & Senescence Structural & Functional Organization of Intracellular Organelles (Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Golgi) Cytoskeletal Dynamics: Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments & Motor Proteins Membrane Ultrastructure, Lipid Rafts & Macromolecular Translocation across Membranes

Chemistry of Carbohydrates and Lipids

2 टॉपिक्स
Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Stereochemistry & Reducing Sugar Dynamics Fatty Acid Classification, Saturated vs Unsaturated & Trans-Fatty Acids

Chemistry of Amino Acids, Proteins & Nucleic Acids

1 टॉपिक्स
Amino Acid Classification, Physicochemical Properties, Zwitterions & Isoelectric Point

Fundamental Cellular Processes

6 टॉपिक्स
Eukaryotic Transcription Factors, Enhancers, Riboswitches & RNA Polymerase I/II/III Machinery DNA Replication Fidelity, Fork Dynamics, Telomerases & Cre-Lox / Site-Specific Recombination DNA Repair Pathways: Base/Nucleotide Excision, Non-Homologous End Joining & Homologous Recombination Translation Mechanisms, Ribosome Subunits, Polysome Profiling & Translational Ribosomal Stalling Post-Transcriptional Processing: Splicing, Alternative Splicing, Capping, Polyadenylation & RNA Editing Epigenetic Gene Regulation: DNA Methylation, Histone Code & Non-Coding RNAs (miRNA, siRNA, lncRNA)

Respiration

1 टॉपिक्स
Pulmonary Gas Exchange, Partial Pressures (Venous pO2 40 mmHg) & V/Q Matching

Cell Communication and Cell Signalling

4 टॉपिक्स
Nitric Oxide (NO) - Guanylyl Cyclase (sGC) - cGMP Signalling Axis & Vascular Regulation G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR), Adenylyl Cyclase, cAMP, PKA & Phospholipase C Cascades Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK), MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt Pathways & Growth Factor Signalling Cancer Biology: Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors (p53, Rb), Angiogenesis & Metastatic Cascade सक्रिय

Enzymology

4 टॉपिक्स
Allosteric Regulation, Covalent Modification, Proenzymes (Zymogens) & Isoenzymes Enzyme Classification (EC System 1-7), Nomenclature & Coenzymes/Cofactors Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive, Non-Competitive, Uncompetitive & Irreversible Enzyme Kinetics: Michaelis-Menten Model, Lineweaver-Burk Plot, Km & Vmax

Excretion

2 टॉपिक्स
Renal Functional Anatomy, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) & Renal Clearance Endocrine Regulation of Renal Function: Aldosterone (Distal Tubule), ADH & ANP

Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism

1 टॉपिक्स
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA/Krebs) Cycle, Amphibolic Nature & Anaplerosis

Digestion

2 टॉपिक्स
Ruminant Pre-Gastric Fermentative Digestion: Rumen Ecology, Holotrichs & VFAs Nutrient Absorption Mechanisms across Rumen, Small Intestine & Large Intestine

Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Methods

5 टॉपिक्स
Molecular Cloning Strategies: Restriction-Modification, Linkers/Adaptors & Directional Ligation Genomic & cDNA Library Construction, Screening & Ribosome-Bound Transcriptome Probing Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): Illumina Sequencing-by-Synthesis, PacBio & Oxford Nanopore Cloning & Expression Vectors: Plasmids, Bacteriophages, Cosmids, BACs, YACs & Expression Hosts Nucleic Acid Blotting (Southern, Northern), EMSA, DNA Footprinting & Microarrays

Animal Tissue Culture and Hybridoma Technology

6 टॉपिक्स
Hybridoma Technology & Monoclonal Antibodies: PEG Cell Fusion & HAT Selection Mechanics (HGPRT/TK) Cellular Immunotherapies: CAR-T Cell Engineering & Therapeutic Antibody Production Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) & Cell Cycle DNA Analysis Primary Cell Culture vs Established Cell Lines: Media Formulation, Sera & Subculturing Protocols Bioreactors, Microcarriers, Scale-Up & Suspension Cloning for Selective Tumor Cell Culture Cryopreservation of Cells: Cryoprotectants (DMSO, Glycerol), Controlled Freezing & Thawing Kinetics

Muscle Physiology

1 टॉपिक्स
Muscle Energetics, Fiber Types (Red vs White), Rigor Mortis & Muscle Fatigue

Embryo Transfer and Related Techniques

5 टॉपिक्स
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), Microinjection & Animal Cloning Milestones Superovulation Hormonal Regimes in Bovine & Rodents (PMSG, FSH, LH, hCG) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), Oocyte Maturation & Evidence of Fertilization in Stained Ova Embryo Sexing Technologies: PCR Amplification of Y-Specific Repeats & LAMP Assays Transgenic Animal Production: Microinjection, Retro-viral Vectors, Stem Cells & Gene Farming

Nervous System

1 टॉपिक्स
Motor Control & Cerebellar Coordination: Cerebellum as Error-Correcting Device

Reproduction and Lactation

2 टॉपिक्स
Male Reproductive Physiology: Spermatogenesis, Sertoli Cells & Pheromones Female Reproductive Cyclicity: Two vs Three Wave Estrous Cycles & Ovulation

Climate Physiology

1 टॉपिक्स
Climatic Heat Stress in Domestic Livestock: Heat Tolerance Indices at 65% RH
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