📚
Official Curriculum & AI Taxonomy Guide
Veterinary Biotechnology (Animal Sciences & Veterinary Sciences)
Deterministic two-level syllabus taxonomy (Subjects ➔ Chapters/Units + AI Keywords) with historical PYQ weightage and board examination patterns. Version: V1.
Select Subject / Discipline:
All Subjects (Complete Syllabus)
Biomolecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology
Cell Biology
Fundamental Cellular Processes
Cell Communication and Cell Signalling
Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Methods
Animal Tissue Culture and Hybridoma Technology
Embryo Transfer and Related Techniques
⚙️ Exam Evaluation Pattern & Marking Scheme
Total Questions
100
Total Marks
300
Correct Answer
+3
Negative Marking
-1/3
Option Format: 5 Options (5th Option Mandatory: 'अनुत्तरित प्रश्न')
🤖 AI Extractor Directives & Mapping Rules
## Instructions for AI Question Extractor & Taxonomy Mapper
When extracting questions and generating Schema v2.0 JSON packages, the AI model MUST strictly adhere to the following deterministic taxonomy protocol:
### 1. Deterministic Ground-Truth ID Assignment
Every extracted question MUST be mapped using the exact database integer IDs from this specification:
- `subject_id`: Integer ID of the Part / Section (e.g., `64` for General Hindi).
- `subject_name`: Canonical title of the Part (e.g., `सामान्य हिन्दी`).
- `subject_slug`: Canonical slug of the Part (e.g., `general-hindi`).
- `chapter_id`: Integer ID from the **Topic ID** column (e.g., `451`).
- `chapter_name`: Canonical title from the **Topic Name** column.
- `chapter_slug`: Slug from the **Topic Slug** column.
- `subtopic_id`: Integer ID from the **Subtopics (Level 3)** column if an atomic subtopic matches, otherwise `null`.
- `subtopic_name`: Subtopic title if mapped, otherwise `null`.
- `subtopic_slug`: Subtopic slug if mapped, otherwise `null`.
- `key_concept`: The specific atomic concept tested by the question (e.g., 'वृद्धि स्वर संधि', 'नागौरी गाय की विशेषताएं', 'अमोनियम सल्फेट में नत्रजन प्रतिशत').
### 2. JSON Mapping Target Schema
```json
{
"subject_id": 64,
"subject_name": "सामान्य हिन्दी",
"subject_slug": "general-hindi",
"chapter_id": 451,
"chapter_name": "संधि एवं संधि-विच्छेद",
"chapter_slug": "sandhi",
"subtopic_id": null,
"subtopic_name": null,
"subtopic_slug": null,
"key_concept": "वृद्धि स्वर संधि",
"question_type": "mcq_single"
}
```
### 3. Core Extraction Rules
- **Strict Section Boundary Isolation**: Respect examination paper sections. Map Hindi questions strictly to Subject ID 64, Rajasthan GK questions to Subject ID 34, Agronomy questions to Subject ID 74, Horticulture to Subject ID 75, and Animal Husbandry to Subject ID 65. Never cross-map questions across disciplines.
- **Strict Canonical Hierarchy**: Map every question extracted from papers for this examination strictly to one of the canonical Units/Chapters listed in the tables below. Do not fabricate or invent new chapter names or IDs.
- **Question Format Auto-Detection**: Identify and classify the question format strictly:
- Standard 4 or 5 options with 1 correct key: `mcq_single`
- Contains Statement I and Statement II or multiple statements: `statement`
- Contains List I and List II or matching columns: `match_list`
- Requires chronological arrangement or step sequence: `chronological_order`
- Contains Assertion (A) and Reason (R): `assertion_reason`
- **Semantic Keyword Anchors**: Use the 'AI Recognition Keywords' listed in the tables as primary semantic triggers. Matching question stems and option terminologies against these keywords provides high-confidence taxonomy assignment.
- **Out of Syllabus Preservation**: If an extracted historical PYQ belongs to a topic marked with `[OUT_OF_SYLLABUS]`, map it to that designated unit and flag `is_out_of_current = 1`. This preserves year-on-year historical practice.
- **Bilingual Terminology**: Ensure both Hindi (Devanagari) and English scientific terms are recognized according to the bilingual titles and keyword lists provided.
When extracting questions and generating Schema v2.0 JSON packages, the AI model MUST strictly adhere to the following deterministic taxonomy protocol:
### 1. Deterministic Ground-Truth ID Assignment
Every extracted question MUST be mapped using the exact database integer IDs from this specification:
- `subject_id`: Integer ID of the Part / Section (e.g., `64` for General Hindi).
- `subject_name`: Canonical title of the Part (e.g., `सामान्य हिन्दी`).
- `subject_slug`: Canonical slug of the Part (e.g., `general-hindi`).
- `chapter_id`: Integer ID from the **Topic ID** column (e.g., `451`).
- `chapter_name`: Canonical title from the **Topic Name** column.
- `chapter_slug`: Slug from the **Topic Slug** column.
- `subtopic_id`: Integer ID from the **Subtopics (Level 3)** column if an atomic subtopic matches, otherwise `null`.
- `subtopic_name`: Subtopic title if mapped, otherwise `null`.
- `subtopic_slug`: Subtopic slug if mapped, otherwise `null`.
- `key_concept`: The specific atomic concept tested by the question (e.g., 'वृद्धि स्वर संधि', 'नागौरी गाय की विशेषताएं', 'अमोनियम सल्फेट में नत्रजन प्रतिशत').
### 2. JSON Mapping Target Schema
```json
{
"subject_id": 64,
"subject_name": "सामान्य हिन्दी",
"subject_slug": "general-hindi",
"chapter_id": 451,
"chapter_name": "संधि एवं संधि-विच्छेद",
"chapter_slug": "sandhi",
"subtopic_id": null,
"subtopic_name": null,
"subtopic_slug": null,
"key_concept": "वृद्धि स्वर संधि",
"question_type": "mcq_single"
}
```
### 3. Core Extraction Rules
- **Strict Section Boundary Isolation**: Respect examination paper sections. Map Hindi questions strictly to Subject ID 64, Rajasthan GK questions to Subject ID 34, Agronomy questions to Subject ID 74, Horticulture to Subject ID 75, and Animal Husbandry to Subject ID 65. Never cross-map questions across disciplines.
- **Strict Canonical Hierarchy**: Map every question extracted from papers for this examination strictly to one of the canonical Units/Chapters listed in the tables below. Do not fabricate or invent new chapter names or IDs.
- **Question Format Auto-Detection**: Identify and classify the question format strictly:
- Standard 4 or 5 options with 1 correct key: `mcq_single`
- Contains Statement I and Statement II or multiple statements: `statement`
- Contains List I and List II or matching columns: `match_list`
- Requires chronological arrangement or step sequence: `chronological_order`
- Contains Assertion (A) and Reason (R): `assertion_reason`
- **Semantic Keyword Anchors**: Use the 'AI Recognition Keywords' listed in the tables as primary semantic triggers. Matching question stems and option terminologies against these keywords provides high-confidence taxonomy assignment.
- **Out of Syllabus Preservation**: If an extracted historical PYQ belongs to a topic marked with `[OUT_OF_SYLLABUS]`, map it to that designated unit and flag `is_out_of_current = 1`. This preserves year-on-year historical practice.
- **Bilingual Terminology**: Ensure both Hindi (Devanagari) and English scientific terms are recognized according to the bilingual titles and keyword lists provided.
Curriculum Units & AI Recognition Dictionary
Biomolecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 6 Qs
Keywords:
Steric clashes in polypeptide backbones
allowed and disallowed regions of Ramachandran plot for different amino acids
non-covalent stabilizing forces (hydrogen bonding
hydrophobic interactions
van der Waals
electrostatic forces) and protein folding thermodynamics
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 4 Qs
Keywords:
Helical geometries of B-DNA
A-DNA and left-handed Z-DNA
G-quadruplexes
major and minor groove dimensions
sequence-specific recognition of DNA bases from helix edges via hydrogen bonding patterns and shape complementarity
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Protein folding funnels
molten globule intermediate state
molecular chaperones (Hsp70
GroEL/GroES chaperonins)
allosteric transition models (Monod-Wyman-Changeux concerted vs Koshland-Nemethy-Filmer sequential model) and Hill coefficient
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy for determining alpha-helical and beta-sheet secondary structure content
X-ray crystallography for atomic 3D coordinates
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)
Cell Biology
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 3 Qs
Keywords:
Asymmetric lipid bilayer
cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich lipid microdomains (lipid rafts)
caveolae
protein targeting and translocation across endoplasmic reticulum (signal hypothesis
SRP
Sec61 translocon) and nuclear pore complex transport (importins/exportins
Ran-GTPase)
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 2 Qs
Keywords:
Organelle biogenesis: Peroxisomes (absence of DNA and ribosomes
replication by division of existing organelles
catalase and fatty acid alpha/beta oxidation) vs semi-autonomous mitochondria and chloroplasts containing circular DNA and prokaryotic-like ribosomes; Golgi cisternae and vesicular transport
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 2 Qs
Keywords:
Tubulin heterodimers and microtubule dynamic instability
actin microfilaments and treadmilling
cell motility
intermediate filament tissue specificity
molecular motor proteins: Kinesin (plus-end directed)
dynein (minus-end directed) and myosins
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 11 Qs
Keywords:
Sequential activation of Cyclin-CDK complexes: G1/S cyclin D-CDK4/6
G1/S cyclin E-CDK2
S phase cyclin A-CDK2
M phase cyclin B-CDK1; G1 DNA damage checkpoint (p53-p21 axis)
G2/M DNA replication checkpoint
spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and replicative cellular senescence
Keywords:
Extrinsic death receptor pathway (FasL
TNF-alpha
FADD
Caspase-8/10); Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway (Bcl-2 family proteins
cytochrome c release
Apaf-1
apoptosome assembly
Caspase-9); Downstream executioner caspases (Caspase-3
6
7)
DNA fragmentation and phagocytic clearance
Fundamental Cellular Processes
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 3 Qs
Keywords:
High-fidelity eukaryotic DNA replication
licensing factors (ORC
Cdc6
Cdt1
MCM helicase)
PCNA clamp
telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex and telomere maintenance
site-specific recombination systems: Cre-LoxP recombination and Flp-FRT engineering
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 7 Qs
Keywords:
Mechanisms of base excision repair (BER)
nucleotide excision repair (NER
global genome and transcription-coupled)
mismatch repair (MSH/MLH)
non-homologous end joining (Ku70/80
DNA-PKcs) and RAD51-mediated homologous recombination repair
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 4 Qs
Keywords:
Eukaryotic transcription initiation: RNA Polymerase I
II and III transcription factor complexes (TFIIA-TFIIH)
distal enhancers
mediator complex
riboswitches (DNA/RNA sequences undergoing conformational shifts upon metabolite binding to modulate transcription) and eukaryotic tRNA synthesis catalyzed by RNA Polymerase III
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Pre-mRNA processing: Spliceosome snRNP assembly (U1
U2
U4
U5
U6)
branch site adenosine and lariat intermediate
alternative splicing generating proteomic diversity
5' cap addition
cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factors
and enzymatic RNA editing (A-to-I and C-to-U deamination)
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 4 Qs
Keywords:
Eukaryotic 80S ribosome assembly (40S and 60S subunits)
initiation factor eIF4F cap-binding complex
translation elongation cycle
polysome profiling for translatome analysis
probing transcriptome with mRNAs bound to actively translating ribosomes
translational pausing and ribosomal stalling
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 3 Qs
Keywords:
DNA cytosine methylation by DNMT1/DNMT3a/b
CpG islands
histone lysine methylation and acetylation (writers
erasers
readers)
chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complexes
microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis via Drosha/Dicer and RISC-mediated translational repression
short interfering RNA (siRNA) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
Cell Communication and Cell Signalling
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Heterotrimeric G-protein architecture (G-alpha
beta
gamma)
Gs/Gi regulation of adenylyl cyclase
cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Protein Kinase A (PKA) activation; Gq activation of Phospholipase C-beta (PLC)
cleavage of PIP2 to inositol 1
4
5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)
calcium mobilization and Protein Kinase C (PKC)
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Ligand-induced dimerization and autophosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR
IGFR
FGFR)
adaptor proteins (Grb2
Sos)
Ras GTPase activation
Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade
PI3K-Akt-mTOR survival pathway and PTEN regulation
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 2 Qs
Keywords:
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes (eNOS
nNOS
iNOS) catalyzing deamination of L-arginine to nitric oxide (NO) and L-citrulline; Diffusion of NO across membranes
activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)
generation of cyclic GMP (cGMP)
Protein Kinase G (PKG) activation
smooth muscle relaxation and vascular homeostasis
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 0 Qs
Keywords:
Calcium-dependent homophilic cadherin adhesion
catenin linkages to actin cytoskeleton
integrin alpha/beta heterodimers mediating cell-matrix anchorage to fibronectin/laminin/collagen
focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mechanotransduction
selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Multi-hit hypothesis of carcinogenesis
gain-of-function proto-oncogene mutations
loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes (Retinoblastoma Rb
TP53 'guardian of the genome')
tumor angiogenesis (VEGF)
metastatic invasion cascade (local invasion
intravasation
circulation survival
extravasation and micrometastasis colonization)
Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Methods
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 4 Qs
Keywords:
Enzymatic modification of DNA termini
blunt-end vs cohesive-end ligation
synthetic linkers and adaptors
alkaline phosphatase dephosphorylation preventing vector recircularization
directional cloning using non-compatible restriction enzyme pairs
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Vector capacity and architecture: Bacterial plasmids (up to 10 kb)
phage lambda vectors (up to 20 kb)
cosmids (up to 45 kb)
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs
100-300 kb)
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs
up to 1000 kb); Prokaryotic (pET/T7 promoter) vs eukaryotic expression hosts
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 4 Qs
Keywords:
Genomic DNA fragmentation and library coverage calculation
mRNA isolation via oligo(dT) cellulose
reverse transcriptase synthesis of cDNA
library screening by hybridization and immunological probing
probing active translatome using ribosome-bound mRNAs
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 0 Qs
Keywords:
Principles of standard PCR
thermostable DNA polymerases (Taq
Pfu proofreading)
Real-Time quantitative PCR (qPCR) chemistries (SYBR Green intercalating dye vs TaqMan fluorogenic probes
Ct value quantification)
reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
multiplex PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)
Keywords:
Southern blotting for DNA fragment identification
Northern blotting for RNA expression analysis
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA/gel shift) for detecting sequence-specific DNA-protein complexes
DNase I footprinting and high-density oligonucleotide microarrays
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 2 Qs
Keywords:
First-generation Sanger chain-termination sequencing; Second-generation high-throughput sequencing: Illumina sequencing-by-synthesis utilizing reversible dye terminators and flow cell cluster generation; Third-generation long-read technologies: Pacific Biosciences (PacBio SMRT) and Oxford Nanopore strand sequencing
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 0 Qs
Keywords:
Evolution of gene editing technologies: Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs)
Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs)
CRISPR-Cas9 adaptive immune system adapted for genome engineering
single guide RNA (sgRNA) design
Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) recognition
Cas9 double-strand break and non-homologous vs homology-directed repair outcomes
Animal Tissue Culture and Hybridoma Technology
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 3 Qs
Keywords:
Enzymatic and mechanical tissue disaggregation for primary culture
finite lifespan vs established continuous/immortalized cell lines
complete culture media formulation (basal media DMEM/RPMI-1640
fetal bovine serum/FBS
buffering systems
antibiotics)
contact inhibition
subculturing and cell passaging
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Large-scale mammalian cell cultivation systems: Stirred-tank
hollow-fiber and wave bioreactors; Anchorage-dependent cell attachment to microcarrier beads; Anchorage-independent selective culture and suspension cloning of transformed tumor cell lines
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Principles of low-temperature cell preservation: Intracellular ice crystallization damage
permeable cryoprotective agents (dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO at 5-10%
glycerol)
controlled-rate slow freezing (-1 deg C/min)
vapor/liquid nitrogen storage (-196 deg C)
and rapid thawing at 37 deg C to minimize recrystallization injury
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 2 Qs
Keywords:
Kohler-Milstein hybridoma technique: Immunization of mice
harvesting splenic B lymphocytes
polyethylene glycol (PEG) or electrofusion with HGPRT-deficient myeloma partner cells
selective culture in HAT medium (Hypoxanthine
Aminopterin
Thymidine): Aminopterin blocks de novo nucleotide pathway
myeloma cells lacking HGPRT/TK fail to utilize salvage pathway and die
unfused B cells have limited lifespan
only surviving hybridomas produce monoclonal antibodies
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 4 Qs
Keywords:
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) architecture: Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antigen-recognition domain linked to CD3-zeta intracellular signalling domain and CD28/4-1BB costimulatory domains; Clinical application in refractory B-cell lymphomas and leukemias (CD19 targeting); Recombinant humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 2 Qs
Keywords:
Principles of flow cytometry: Hydrodynamic focusing
forward scatter (FSC
cell size) and side scatter (SSC
internal granularity/complexity); Fluorochrome labeling; Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS); Cell cycle DNA quantitation using fluorescent intercalating stoichiometric dyes (propidium iodide
DAPI) and gating strategies
Embryo Transfer and Related Techniques
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Endocrine induction of follicular recruitment and multiple ovulations: Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG) with intrinsic FSH/LH activity
pituitary FSH protocols in cattle
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) triggering synchronous LH-like ovulation surge in laboratory mice and livestock donor protocols
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
In vitro production (IVP) of embryos: Oocyte retrieval (transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up/OPU)
in vitro maturation (IVM)
sperm capacitation and in vitro fertilization (IVF); Morphological and cytological criteria for fertilization confirmation in stained ova: Extrusion of second polar body
presence of sperm tail in ooplasm
and female/male pronuclei formation
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 1 Qs
Keywords:
Pre-implantation genetic sex determination: Embryo biopsy (blastomere or trophectoderm aspiration)
targeted PCR amplification of Y-chromosome-specific repetitive sequences (SRY
BRY.1
bovine satellite sequences)
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for field sexing and commercial cattle breeding management
Keywords:
Principles of animal cloning: Enucleation of recipient metaphase II oocyte
transfer of donor somatic cell nucleus via direct intra-cytoplasmic microinjection (cumulus cells in mice) or electrofusion
artificial oocyte activation (calcium ionophore
6-DMAP)
embryonic reprogramming
historical milestones (Dolly sheep
cumulus mice cloning) and xenotransplantation milestones (pig organ editing and transplantation)
🟢 ACTIVE
📊 3 Qs
Keywords:
Methods for generating transgenic livestock: Pronuclear DNA microinjection
lentiviral/retroviral transgenesis
embryonic stem cell-mediated transgenesis
gene targeting via CRISPR/Cas9; 'Gene farming' / molecular pharming: Production of pharmaceutical recombinant proteins in mammary gland milk (tissue-specific beta-lactoglobulin/casein promoters) and ethical considerations