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Which of the following is not a characteristic action of morphine
EXPLANATION
Opioid Analgesia & Neuroleptanalgesia
- Opioid Actions of Morphine:
- Classical Effects: Pure $\mu$-opioid receptor agonist producing profound visceral analgesia, dose-dependent central respiratory depression (decreased sensitivity of medullary centers to $\text{CO}_2$), and sedation.
- Gastrointestinal Action: Morphine causes severe constipation by increasing segmental smooth muscle tone, abolishing coordinated propulsive peristalsis, and increasing anal sphincter tone.
- Exclusion: Diarrhea is NEVER a characteristic pharmacological effect of morphine (it is an antidiarrheal action).
Correct option: (4) Diarrhoea
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