• Milestones in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT):
• Dolly (1996): The world's first cloned mammal from an adult somatic cell (Sheep).
• Xena (2000): A renowned female piglet (porcine) cloned from adult ovarian granulosa cells via SCNT by researchers at the University of Hawaii.
• Injaz (2009): Cloned camel (UAE).
• Garima and Samrupa (2009): Cloned buffaloes (NDRI Karnal, India).
• nalysis:
• (Pig): Correct cloned species for Xena.

Correct option: (2) Pig

• Phenocopy:
• First coined by Richard Goldschmidt in 1935:
• phenocopy is an environmentally induced phenotypic variation that closely resembles (mimics) the phenotype classically produced by a specific mutant genotype, but is itself non-heritable because the organism's genome remains unaltered.
• Example: Phocomelia (limb reduction) induced by prenatal thalidomide exposure phenocopies genetic phocomelia.
• nalysis:
• (Variation in phenotype caused by environmental condition): Correct.

Correct option: (1) Variation in phenotype caused by environmental condition

• Enzymatic Cascade of Pyrosequencing (4-Enzyme System):

• DNA Polymerase: Incorporates complementary dNTP, releasing pyrophosphate ($PP_i$).
• ATP Sulfurylase: Converts $PP_i$ and adenosine $5'$-phosphosulfate (APS) into ATP.
• Luciferase: Utilizes ATP to oxidize luciferin into oxyluciferin, generating a visible light pulse proportional to incorporated bases.
• Apyrase: An ATP-diphosphohydrolase that rapidly degrades unincorporated dNTPs and residual ATP between reagent cycles, preventing false background signals before the next nucleotide is introduced.
  • nalysis:

• (Apyrase): Correct nucleotide-degrading enzyme.