Conjugation: Direct transfer of genetic material (plasmid or chromosomal DNA) from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium through physical cell-to-cell contact mediated by a sex pilus (conjugation tube). (Correct answer)
Transposition: Movement of discrete mobile genetic elements called transposons ("jumping genes") from one genomic location to another within the same cell, catalyzed by transposase.
Transfection: Artificial introduction of foreign naked nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) into eukaryotic host cells using non-viral chemical or physical techniques.
Transduction: Horizontal gene transfer between bacterial cells mediated by a bacteriophage (viral vector), occurring without direct physical contact between the bacteria.
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2
ICAR JRF 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
Which of the following is responsible for eliminating toxic oxygen by-products from cells?
Peroxisomes: Specialized microbodies containing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase that detoxify hazardous reactive oxygen species (ROS), including breaking down toxic hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) into water and oxygen. (Correct answer)
Mitochondria: The powerhouses of eukaryotic cells primarily responsible for cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle, and ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
Golgi complex: Organelles functioning in post-translational modification, sorting, packaging, and secretory targeting of proteins and lipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Chloroplasts: Double-membrane semi-autonomous plastids in photosynthetic plant cells responsible for light capture, photolysis of water, and carbon fixation (Calvin cycle).
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3
ICAR JRF 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
form of multiple parasitism in which a parasite preferentially attacks a host that is already parasitized by another species is
known as
Cleptoparasitism: A specialized form of multiple parasitism in entomology where a female parasitoid preferentially attacks and oviposits within a host individual that has already been successfully attacked or paralyzed by another parasitoid species. (Correct answer)
Ectoparasitoid: A parasite that lives and feeds externally upon the outer surface of its host (e.g., Bracon brevicornis on caterpillar larvae).
Obligate parasitism: A biological relationship where the parasite relies strictly upon a living host to complete its life cycle and cannot survive as a free-living saprophyte.
Superparasitism: A form of parasitism where more individuals of the same parasitoid species attack a single host than can successfully develop to maturity.
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4
ICAR JRF 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
For mass multiplication of DD-136 nematode, the common host used is
Lesser wax moth (Galleria mellonella / Achroia grisella): The standard, highly efficient insect host used globally in insectaries for in vivo mass multiplication of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (DD-136 strain). (Correct answer)
Silk moth (Bombyx mori): Commercially domesticated for sericulture and mulberry silk fiber production, not utilized as a rearing medium for entomopathogenic nematodes.
Fruit sucking moth (Eudocima spp.): Major orchard pest attacking citrus and pomegranate, not suited for mass culturing biocontrol agents.
Codling moth (Cydia pomonella): Major temperate fruit pest of apples and pears, susceptible to biocontrol but not the standard mass production biofactory host.
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5
ICAR JRF 29 Jun 2024Shift 1
MCQ (Single Correct)+4−1
Chlorpyriphos methyl is effective against stored product insects except
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