Veterinary Anatomy- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

• Systemic Inflammatory Response in Neonatal Farm Animals:
• Neonatal septicemia (joint ill, navel ill, colisepticemia) in calves, foals, and piglets results from opportunistic bacterial invasion (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella) following failure of passive transfer (FPT) of colostral immunoglobulins.
• Cardiovascular and Thermoregulatory Signs:
• The release of pyrogenic cytokines (IL-1, TNF-$\alpha$) and bacterial endotoxins (LPS) resets the hypothalamic thermostat, producing marked elevated body temperature (pyrexia / hyperthermia) in early stages, accompanied by depression, injected scleral vessels, and loss of suckle reflex.
• nalysis:
• (Elevated body temperature): Correct diagnostic clinical sign.

Correct option: (2) Elevated body temperature

• Gastric Pathology in Horses:
• The equine stomach is relatively small ($8 - 15\text{ L}$) with an exceptionally tight cardiac sphincter that anatomically prevents vomiting or eructation.
• Severe primary gastric impaction or secondary fluid accumulation due to proximal small intestinal ileus causes acute gastric dilation.
• When intraluminal pressure exceeds tissue tensile strength:
• Rupture of the stomach occurs along the greater curvature.
• Leakage of fermenting gastric contents into the peritoneal cavity causes catastrophic septic peritonitis, cardiovascular collapse, and sudden death from peracute endogenous toxemic shock.
• nalysis:
• (Rupture of the stomach): Correct.

Correct option: (1) Rupture of the stomach.

• Clinical Pathology of Enteric Inflammation:
• Enteritis is inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining caused by infectious agents (rotavirus, coronavirus, Salmonella, E. coli, coccidia) or dietary irritants.
• Disruption of the mucosal architecture (villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and loss of brush-border disaccharidases) results in malabsorption and hypersecretion.
• The direct, hallmark clinical manifestation of this fluid and electrolyte transport failure is profuse Diarrhea (scours), accompanied by dehydration and metabolic acidosis.
• nalysis:
• (Diarrhea): Correct primary clinical sign.

Correct option: (2) Diarrhea