Forest Production & Wood Utilization

Bixa orellana (commonly known as Annatto or Sinduri, family Bixaceae) produces capsules containing seeds enveloped in a bright red-orange pulpy aril:
This fruit/seed pulp yields the commercially valuable natural carotenoid pigments bixin and norbixin, universally utilized as a food and textile dye (annatto dye) for cheese, butter, confectionery, and cosmetics.
In contrast, Butea monosperma and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis yield dyes from their flowers.

Tree Borne Oilseeds (TBOs) are trees whose seeds yield non-edible or industrial oils suitable for biofuel, soap, and lubricants:
Prominent TBOs include Jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot), Pongamia pinnata (Karanj), Calophyllum inophyllum (Polanga/Honne), Madhuca latifolia (Mahua), Azadirachta indica (Neem), and Simarouba glauca.
In contrast, Tectona grandis (Teak) is a premier high-value timber tree and is NOT grown or categorized as a Tree Borne Oilseed.

Forest tannins are classified based on the plant organ yielding them:
Wood tans: Tannins extracted from the heartwood. Acacia catechu (Khair) heartwood chips are boiled in water to extract two valuable commercial products: Katha (crystallized catechin) and Cutch (catechutannic acid), which is widely used as an industrial wood tanning agent for leather and fishing nets.
In contrast, Acacia mearnsii (Wattle) yields bark tans; Emblica officinalis yields fruit/bark tans; and Anogeissus latifolia yields leaf tans (Dhawa sumac).

Katira gum (also known as white katira or Indian tragacanth substitute) is an insoluble swelling gum exuded from the bark of Cochlospermum religiosum (syn. Cochlospermum gossypium, yellow silk cotton tree, family Bixaceae/Cochlospermaceae) upon blazing or tapping:
It swells into a translucent gelatinous mass in water and is widely used in cooling summer beverages, pharmaceuticals, lozenges, and textile sizing.