Q40: In Northern hybridization? - Plant Biotechnology & Molecular Biology - ICAR AIEEA PG Plant Biotechnology 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper | Agrigyan

Elements of Crop Production, Agronomy and Soils of India Historical Perspective, Agricultural Education and Research Setup in India Elements of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Technology Major Pests, Diseases and Crop Protection Principles Agricultural Statistics, Experimental Designs and Chi-Square Testing

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, Fermentation, Pentose Phosphate Pathway and TCA Cycle Lipids, Fatty Acid Classification, Triglyceride and Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis Amino Acids, Peptides and Structural Organization of Proteins Enzymology: Classification, Catalytic Mechanisms, Active Sites and Allosteric Kinetics Nitrogen Assimilation: Nitrate Reductase, GS-GOGAT Pathway and Biological Nitrogen Fixation Analytical Biochemical Techniques: Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Centrifugation and Spectroscopy Acid-Base Balance, Buffers, Thermodynamics and Cell Bioenergetics Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation and Inhibitors Vitamins, Coenzymes and Trace Minerals in Biochemical Catalysis Lipid Catabolism: Fatty Acid Activation, Beta-Oxidation and Glyoxylate Cycle Chemistry, Structure and Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates Secondary Plant Metabolites: Phenolics, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and Shikimate Pathway

Functional Genomics, RNA Interference (RNAi), Genome Editing (CRISPR-Cas) and Biosafety/IPR Polymerase Chain Reaction, cDNA/Genomic Libraries and Blotting Techniques Active DNA/RNA Chemistry, Replication and DNA Repair Mechanisms Transcription, RNA Polymerases, Promoters and Post-Transcriptional Processing Restriction Enzymes, DNA Modifying Enzymes and Molecular Cloning Vectors Genetic Code, Wobble Hypothesis, Translation and Post-Translational Modifications Cell Ultrastructure, Organelles, Cell Cycle and Chromatin Architecture Genetic Transformation: Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer and Ti Plasmid Plant Tissue Culture Principles: Totipotency, Media, Explants and Organogenesis Protoplast Isolation, Fusion, Somatic Hybridization and Cybrids Molecular Markers (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP) and Marker-Assisted Selection Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Operons and Epigenetics Somatic Embryogenesis, Synthetic Seeds and Micropropagation Systems Anther Culture, Haploids, Embryo Rescue and Somaclonal Variations Direct/Physical Gene Transfer: Biolistics, Electroporation and Chemical Methods

Plant Water Relations: Water Potential, Osmotic Pressure, Apoplast/Symplast and Transpiration Abiotic Stress Physiology: Drought, Salinity, Temperature Extremes and Postharvest Physiology Photosynthesis: Light Harvesting, Photosystems, Z-Scheme and Electron Transport Plant Growth Regulators: Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins Mineral Nutrition: Essential Macro/Micro Nutrients, Uptake Mechanisms and Deficiency Symptoms Photorespiration (C2 Cycle), Limiting Factors and Light Compensation Points Carbon Assimilation: C3 Calvin Cycle, C4 Dicarboxylic Pathway and CAM Plants Growth Analysis Parameters: LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, HI and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) Seed Physiology: Development, Orthodox/Recalcitrant Classification, Dormancy and Germination Photomorphogenesis: Phytochromes (Pr/Pfr), Cryptochromes and Photoperiodism Stress Hormones and Growth Inhibitors: Ethylene, Abscisic Acid, Brassinosteroids and Strigolactones Vernalization, Flowering Physiology and Biological Clocks Plant Respiration: Glycolytic Flux, Pentose Shunt and Alternative Oxidase (AOX) Pathway Phloem Translocation: Source-Sink Dynamics, Phloem Loading and Unloading