Hydraulic Conductivity Calculation via Darcy's Law:

• Experimental Parameters:
• Soil thickness ($L$) = $15\text{ cm}$
• Ponded water head ($h$) = $15\text{ cm}$
• Total hydraulic head difference ($\Delta H$) = Ponded water head + Soil column height = $15 + 15 = 30\text{ cm}$
• Hydraulic gradient ($i$) = $\frac{\Delta H}{L} = \frac{30\text{ cm}}{15\text{ cm}} = 2.0$
• Cross-sectional area ($A$) = $30\text{ cm}^2$
  6. Time ($t$) = $45\text{ minutes} = 0.75\text{ h}$
  7. Water volume collected ($Q_v$) = $540\text{ cm}^3$
• Darcy Flux and Hydraulic Conductivity ($K$):
• Total flow velocity / Darcy flux ($q$) = $\frac{Q_v}{A \times t} = \frac{540}{30 \times 0.75} = \frac{540}{22.5} = 24.0\text{ cm/h}$
• Hydraulic conductivity ($K$) under unit gradient: According to Darcy's law, $q = K \times i \implies K = \frac{q}{i} = \frac{24.0}{2.0} = 12.0\text{ cm/h}$.