Calculation of dynamically induced electromotive force (EMF):

• $210\text{ V}$ would result from an erroneous multiplying factor of 4.
• $17.5\text{ V}$ represents an incorrect decimal division.
• $68.5\text{ V}$ is an incorrect computation.
• The dynamically induced electromotive force in a moving conductor cutting magnetic lines of force is given by Faraday-Neumann formula: $e = B \cdot L \cdot v \cdot \sin(\theta)$. Substituting $B = 0.5\text{ Wb/m}^2$, $L = 1.75\text{ m}$, $v = 60\text{ m/s}$, and $\theta = 90^\circ$ ($\sin 90^\circ = 1$): $e = 0.5 \times 1.75 \times 60 \times 1 = 52.5\text{ V}$.

Mass transfer kinetics in food dehydration:

• Newton's law governs fluid viscosity and convective cooling.
• Kick's law governs energy requirements in size reduction of coarse solids.
• Fick's laws of diffusion govern mass transport where solute or moisture moves down a concentration gradient. Specifically, Fick's second law of unsteady-state diffusion describes the internal movement of moisture from interior capillary cores to the evaporating surface during falling rate drying periods.
• Charles' law governs thermal volumetric expansion of ideal gases at constant pressure.

Heat exchangers in commercial dairy processing:

• Double pipe heat exchangers have low surface area-to-volume ratios and are used for small duties or viscous pastes.
• Scraped surface heat exchangers (SSHE) are designed for highly viscous, sticky, or crystallizing products like ice cream and ghee.
• U-tube heat exchangers are shell-and-tube configurations primarily used for clean steam or high-pressure chemical duties.
• Plate Heat Exchangers (PHE) are the universal industry standard for continuous milk pasteurization (HTST) due to high heat transfer coefficients ($U = 3000\text{--}5000\text{ W/m}^2\cdot\text{K}$), compact design, easy CIP cleanability, and high thermal regeneration efficiencies exceeding $90\text{--}95\%$.

Joule's first law of electric heating:

• Joule's law of electric heating states that the heat energy produced in an electrical conductor is directly proportional to the square of current ($I^2$), the resistance ($R$), and the duration of current flow ($t$). Thus, $H = I^2 R t$ joules.
• $I^2 R^2 t$ is dimensionally incorrect (has dimensions of $\text{Joules}\cdot\Omega$).
• $I R^2 t$ violates the quadratic relationship of current in electrical power dissipations.
• $I^2 R^2 / t$ is dimensionally invalid.