Agricultural Extension Education- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

• Osgood-Schramm Circular Model of Communication:
• Developed by Charles E. Osgood and popularized by Wilbur Schramm (1954), this model conceptualizes communication as a highly circular, continuous two-way transaction.
• It rejects linear, one-way models (like Shannon-Weaver), postulating that both communicating parties simultaneously perform three reciprocal cognitive functions: Encoding $\rightarrow$ Interpreting $\rightarrow$ Decoding, where feedback is immediate, organic, and continuous.

Correct option: (1) Osgood -Schramm

• Characteristics of Programmed Instruction (PI):
• Developed by behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner, Programmed Instruction delivers learning material in small sequential steps (frames) requiring active learner response and immediate confirmation/feedback.
• Because PI is based on mastery learning where every student works at their own pace until attaining comprehensive mastery of each frame, it produces homogeneous final examination scores (most learners achieve high mastery).
• Therefore, the assertion that it “Provides heterogeneous final examination scores” is untrue / false, making Option 4 correct.

Correct option: (4) Provides heterogenous final examination scores

• Delphi Technique of Group Decision Making:
• Formulated at the RAND Corporation in the 1950s by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer for long-range technological forecasting.
• It relies on a panel of geographically dispersed experts who complete rounds of anonymous, self-administered questionnaires with aggregated controlled statistical feedback.
• Critical Feature: It deliberately prohibits direct face-to-face contact or open group debate to eliminate peer pressure, dominant personalities, and the bandwagon effect (Ouija-board effect).
• Hence, “Discussion for clarification and evaluation” (in-person open group debate) is NOT true of the Delphi method, making Option 4 correct.

Correct option: (4) Discussion for clarification and evaluation