Agricultural Extension Education- ICAR JRF/SRF 2024

• Threats to Internal Validity: Testing / Measurement:
• In experimental research (Campbell and Stanley, 1963):
• Testing / Measurement Threat: Occurs when taking a pre-test sensitizes respondents or alters their performance on a post-test (reactive measures). The observed change between pre-test and post-test is caused by the test-taking experience itself rather than the experimental treatment.
• Distractors:
• History: Specific external events occurring between pre-test and post-test.
• Maturation: Biological or psychological changes within respondents over time (growing older, tired).
• Statistical Regression: Extreme scores naturally regressing toward the mean upon re-testing.

Correct option: (3) Measurement

• Attitude Scoring in Paired Comparison Technique:
• In Thurstone's method of paired comparisons, each attitude item has an empirically determined scale value along the psychological continuum.
• respondent's overall attitude score is computed as the median or arithmetic mean of the scale values of all statements with which the respondent agrees.
• Statements agreed with: Statement 2 ($4.5$), Statement 3 ($5.5$), and Statement 4 ($6.5$).

• Thus, the subject's attitude score is $5.5$, corresponding to Option 2.

Correct option: (2) 55

• Function Syntax in Microsoft Excel:
• In Microsoft Excel, every mathematical formula and calculation function (e.g., =SUM(), =AVERAGE(), =IF()) must begin with the Equal sign (=).
• The equal sign tells Excel that the incoming characters should be evaluated as an active mathematical formula or function expression rather than as static plain text or a label.

Correct option: (3) = (Equal sign)