Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A)... | Agrigyan

• Frequency Patterns of Infectious Diseases:
• Endemic: The habitual presence, constant occurrence, or usual expected baseline prevalence of a specific disease within a defined geographical area or population.
• Epidemic: An unexpected, sharp increase in the number of disease cases clearly in excess of normal baseline expectations.
• Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread across multiple international continents.
• Sporadic: Occurs irregularly and infrequently at scattered, unpredictable intervals.
• nalysis:
• (Endemic): Correct.

Correct option: (1) Endemic

• National Veterinary Institutes:
• The ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI) is located at Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka.
• Mandated with national animal disease surveillance, monitoring, spatial epidemiology, forecasting (NADRES), and livestock disease informatics.
• nalysis:
• (Bengaluru): Correct.

Correct option: (1) Bengaluru

• Measurement of Residual Chlorine in Drinking Water:
• Chlorination of water leaves free residual chlorine ($HOCl, OCl^-$) to protect against recontamination.
• The Ortho-Tolidine (OT) Test:
• Ortho-tolidine reagent reacts instantly with free available chlorine to form a bright yellow compound (holoquinone of ortho-tolidine).
• Color development within 5–10 seconds quantifies free chlorine concentration colorimetrically.
• nalysis:
• (Ortho-toluidine test): Correct.

Correct option: (3) Ortho-toluidine test

• Stages in Municipal Rapid Sand Water Purification:

• Storage / Sedimentation (B): Raw water is stored to allow coarse suspended solids to settle.
• Coagulation and Flocculation (A): Chemical coagulants (alum) are added with rapid mixing to aggregate fine colloidal impurities into settleable flocs.
• Filtration (C): Water passes through a rapid gravity sand and gravel filter bed to remove remaining particulate matter.
• Chlorination (D): Terminal chemical disinfection (gaseous chlorine/bleaching powder) to destroy pathogenic microorganisms and provide residual protection.
  • Sequence:

• nalysis:
• ((B), (A), (C), (D)): Correct.

Correct option: (3) (B), (A), (C), (D)