ICAR AIEEA PG 2024 - Fisheries Science

By definition, one thermochemical calorie ($1\text{ cal}$) is the quantity of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of air-free water by $1^\circ\text{C}$ (specifically from $14.5^\circ\text{C}$ to $15.5^\circ\text{C}$ at standard pressure), which is exactly equal to $4.184\text{ Joules}$ ($1\text{ kcal} = 4184\text{ J}$).

In aquaculture feed manufacturing:
Dry feed: Contains < 10%–13% moisture (stable storage life).
Semi-moist feed: Contains 18%–35% moisture.
Wet / Moist feed: Formulated from fresh trash fish, slaughterhouse wastes, and wet by-products, containing 45% to 70% moisture.

Catla (Catla catla) and Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) are natural surface and upper-column pelagic feeders that actively consume floating extruded pellets at the water surface. In contrast, Mrigal, Common carp, shrimps, and crabs are strict benthic/demersal bottom foragers that require sinking pellets.