मत्स्यन शिल्प, गियर एवं इंजीनियरिंग

Maritime safety equipment under SOLAS regulations:
Assertion (A) is true: Under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and national maritime safety codes, a lifebuoy (ring buoy) is a mandatory Personal Life Saving Appliance (LSA) carried on fishing vessels.
Reason (R) is true: The lifebuoy is specifically engineered with inherent buoyancy to be cast into the water towards an overboard individual, allowing them to grasp it, maintain their head above water, and prevent drowning until rescued.
Because the function described in (R) directly explains why it is classified as a life-safety appliance in (A), both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Maritime radio distress telephony protocols (GMDSS / ITU Radio Regulations):
Assertion (A) is true: Under international maritime communication conventions, MAYDAY (spoken three times) is the paramount distress priority signal concerning the safety of life at sea, taking precedence over all other radio traffic.
Reason (R) is true: The international definition of the distress call MAYDAY (derived from French 'venez m'aider' - come help me) specifically signifies that a vessel, aircraft, or person is threatened by grave, imminent danger and requires immediate assistance to prevent loss of life.
Because (R) provides the exact international legal rationale and definition for why MAYDAY concerns safety in (A), both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Assertion (A) is true: In naval architecture, maritime tonnage measures capacity either by enclosed volume (Gross Tonnage and Net Tonnage, where 1 register ton equals $100\text{ cubic feet}$ or $2.83\text{ m}^3$) or by actual gravitational weight (Deadweight Tonnage and Displacement Tonnage in metric tons). Reason (R) is true: Displacement tonnage measures the true physical weight of the entire vessel, calculated by Archimedes' principle as the weight of the water displaced by the hull ($1\text{ metric ton} = 1000\text{ kg}$, corresponding to $1.0\text{ m}^3$ of freshwater with density $1.0\text{ t/m}^3$ and approx. $0.975$ to $0.99\text{ m}^3$ of seawater with density $1.025\text{ t/m}^3$). This directly illustrates how tonnage is defined through physical weight.

Option analysis:

• Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A): Correct, (R) provides the exact technical and physical basis for weight-based tonnage stated in (A).
• Both true but not explanation: Incorrect, (R) explains the weight aspect of (A).
• is true but (R) is false: Incorrect, (R) is true.
• is false: Incorrect, (A) is true.