ICAR AIEEA PGFood Science Technology 09 July 2023 (Shift 1) Paper

Rate constants in the Michaelis-Menten reaction scheme:

• Dissolution constant pertains to solubility equilibria.
• In the classical enzyme-substrate reaction mechanism $E + S \underset{k_{-1}}{\overset{k_{+1}}{\rightleftharpoons}} ES \xrightarrow{k_2} E + P$, the constant $k_{+1}$ (or $k_1$) represents the forward rate constant for the association of free enzyme ($E$) and substrate ($S$) to form the enzyme-substrate complex ($ES$).
• $k_{-1}$ represents the backward or reverse rate constant for the dissociation of the $ES$ complex back into free $E$ and $S$.
• $K_i$ represents the enzyme inhibition constant.

Dimensional analysis of convective heat transfer coefficient ($h$):

• $\text{kcal/hr}\cdot\text{m}\cdot^\circ\text{C}$ is a non-SI unit related to thermal conductivity.
• From Newton's Law of Cooling, $Q = h A \Delta T \implies h = \frac{Q}{A \Delta T}$. In SI units, heat flow $Q$ is measured in Watts ($\text{W}$), surface area $A$ in square meters ($\text{m}^2$), and temperature difference in degrees Celsius ($^\circ\text{C}$) or Kelvin ($\text{K}$), giving the SI unit $\text{W/m}^2\cdot^\circ\text{C}$ or $\text{W/(m}^2\cdot\text{K)}$.
• $\text{W/m}\cdot^\circ\text{C}$ (or $\text{W/(m}\cdot\text{K)}$) is the SI unit of thermal conductivity ($k$).
• $\text{kcal/hr}$ is a non-SI unit of heat flow rate.

Classification of market structures by buyers and sellers:

• Monopsony describes a market dominated by a single buyer facing many sellers.
• Oligopsony describes a market form in which the number of buyers is small (few buyers), while the number of sellers is large, typical in agricultural commodities where numerous farmers sell produce to a few large processing corporations.
• Monopolistic competition involves many sellers offering differentiated products to many buyers.
• Oligopoly describes a market dominated by a few sellers facing many buyers.